{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3028777793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2997074","title":"Covert Communication Using Null Space and 3D Beamforming: Uncertainty of Willie's Location Information","display_name":"Covert Communication Using Null Space and 3D Beamforming: Uncertainty of Willie's Location Information","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3028777793","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2997074","mag":"3028777793"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2997074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2997074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021302824","display_name":"Moslem Forouzesh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-5994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moslem Forouzesh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-5994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034801509","display_name":"Paeiz Azmi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-3462"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paeiz Azmi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9736-3462","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090238254","display_name":"Nader Mokari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-8888"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1516879","display_name":"Tarbiat Modares University","ror":"https://ror.org/03mwgfy56","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nader Mokari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5364-8888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1516879"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064436231","display_name":"Dennis Goeckel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-9515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Goeckel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4190-9515","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4341,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93133397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"8","first_page":"8568","last_page":"8576"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12131","display_name":"Wireless Signal Modulation Classification","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9527999758720398,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.8861039876937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jamming","display_name":"Jamming","score":0.7853870391845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6318445205688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covert","display_name":"Covert","score":0.6193289756774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.5234838724136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/null","display_name":"Null (SQL)","score":0.44439077377319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-to-noise-ratio","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","score":0.43299102783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3548831343650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24567130208015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2195250391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21460655331611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.18323323130607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06990298628807068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.8861039876937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17092823","display_name":"Jamming","level":2,"score":0.7853870391845703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6318445205688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779338814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5179285","display_name":"Covert","level":2,"score":0.6193289756774902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.5234838724136353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203763787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q371029","display_name":"Null (SQL)","level":2,"score":0.44439077377319336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13944312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512748","display_name":"Signal-to-noise ratio (imaging)","level":2,"score":0.43299102783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3548831343650818},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24567130208015442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2195250391960144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21460655331611633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.18323323130607605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06990298628807068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2997074","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2997074","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G660356245","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1564067","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7872692562","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"98020505","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","funder_display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322243","display_name":"Iran National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/03sr1ma14"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W636358068","https://openalex.org/W1897081267","https://openalex.org/W1989283439","https://openalex.org/W1996215314","https://openalex.org/W2022381648","https://openalex.org/W2025488327","https://openalex.org/W2046307462","https://openalex.org/W2060500262","https://openalex.org/W2084796966","https://openalex.org/W2098231859","https://openalex.org/W2098346479","https://openalex.org/W2506174538","https://openalex.org/W2534908232","https://openalex.org/W2557746379","https://openalex.org/W2594393372","https://openalex.org/W2893082680","https://openalex.org/W2903188535","https://openalex.org/W2910280139","https://openalex.org/W2963125781","https://openalex.org/W2982192320","https://openalex.org/W2982282313","https://openalex.org/W3102020296","https://openalex.org/W3104101844","https://openalex.org/W4288633240","https://openalex.org/W6758255117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523525694","https://openalex.org/W2998642566","https://openalex.org/W2392682561","https://openalex.org/W57793151","https://openalex.org/W2804882289","https://openalex.org/W2727423897","https://openalex.org/W1984793747","https://openalex.org/W2497612952","https://openalex.org/W2348289149","https://openalex.org/W2125342206"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Covert":[0],"communication":[1,33,169],"is":[2,9,126,129,133,157,196],"often":[3],"limited":[4],"in":[5,15,70,78,83,150],"rate":[6,29,82,166,210],"because":[7],"it":[8,61,128],"difficult":[10],"to":[11,65,80,94,97,120,136,205],"hide":[12],"the":[13,16,28,46,54,67,71,75,88,138,152,165,171,175,178,193],"signal":[14,40],"background":[17],"noise.":[18],"Recent":[19],"work":[20],"has":[21,41],"shown":[22],"that":[23,60,131,184,192],"jamming":[24,39],"can":[25,34,62],"significantly":[26],"improve":[27],"at":[30,159],"which":[31,151],"covert":[32,168,209],"be":[35,95],"conducted,":[36],"but":[37],"this":[38,50,84,108],"a":[42,146],"devastating":[43],"effect":[44],"on":[45,197],"receiver.":[47],"To":[48,106],"tackle":[49],"issue,":[51],"we":[52,86,110,144],"equip":[53,87],"jammer":[55],"with":[56,90,170],"multiple":[57],"antennas":[58],"so":[59],"employ":[63],"beamforming":[64,101,203,207],"place":[66],"intended":[68,104],"receiver":[69],"null":[72],"space":[73],"of":[74,140,167],"jamming.":[76],"Moreover,":[77,123],"order":[79],"increase":[81],"network,":[85],"transmitter":[89],"an":[91,112,117],"antenna":[92],"array":[93],"able":[96,135],"perform":[98],"3-dimensional":[99],"(3D)":[100],"toward":[102],"its":[103],"recipient.":[105],"evaluate":[107],"design,":[109],"formulate":[111],"optimization":[113,182],"problem":[114],"and":[115,174,183,201],"present":[116],"iterative":[118],"algorithm":[119],"solve":[121],"it.":[122],"since":[124],"Willie":[125,141],"passive,":[127],"possible":[130],"Alice":[132],"not":[134],"estimate":[137],"location":[139,156],"perfectly.":[142],"Hence,":[143],"investigate":[145],"new":[147],"practical":[148],"scenario":[149],"information":[153],"about":[154],"Willie's":[155],"imperfect":[158],"Alice.":[160],"Numerical":[161,189],"results":[162,190],"consider":[163],"both":[164],"proposed":[172],"architecture":[173],"gap":[176,195],"between":[177],"result":[179],"from":[180,186],"our":[181],"obtained":[185],"exhaustive":[187],"search.":[188],"highlight":[191],"optimality":[194],"average":[198],"approximately":[199,212],"10%,":[200],"3D":[202],"compared":[204],"2D":[206],"increases":[208],"by":[211],"70%.":[213]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
