{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016453700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986671","title":"Secure Index-Modulation Based Hybrid Free Space Optical and Millimeter Wave Links","display_name":"Secure Index-Modulation Based Hybrid Free Space Optical and Millimeter Wave Links","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016453700","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986671","mag":"3016453700"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2986671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050356326","display_name":"Saud Althunibat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5017-5007"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100086675","display_name":"Al-Hussein Bin Talal University","ror":"https://ror.org/019dkd780","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100086675"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saud Althunibat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma\u2019an, Jordan","Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5017-5007","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma\u2019an, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100086675"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Hussein Bin Talal University, Ma'an, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100086675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066322563","display_name":"Raed Mesleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-2816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I230091363","display_name":"German Jordanian University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jgpyd84","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raed Mesleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6838-2816","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, German Jordanian University, Amman, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I230091363"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009224411","display_name":"Khalid Qaraqe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-9212"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I58152225","display_name":"Texas A&M University at Qatar","ror":"https://ror.org/03vb4dm14","country_code":"QA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I58152225","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["QA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khalid Qaraqe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas, A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-9212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas, A&M University at Qatar, Doha, Qatar","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I58152225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79951585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"6","first_page":"6325","last_page":"6332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10851","display_name":"Optical Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10490","display_name":"Orbital Angular Momentum in Optics","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmitter","display_name":"Transmitter","score":0.7698648571968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.6306662559509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.6183380484580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.6173779368400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precoding","display_name":"Precoding","score":0.6125672459602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6037664413452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extremely-high-frequency","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","score":0.5336467027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.47056150436401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.4586316645145416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.44892898201942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.44226667284965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.40242376923561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.33758795261383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.32418274879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2511962652206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1638174057006836}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47798520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190157","display_name":"Transmitter","level":3,"score":0.7698648571968079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.6306662559509277},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.6183380484580994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.6173779368400574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160562895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239557","display_name":"Precoding","level":4,"score":0.6125672459602356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6037664413452148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45764600","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q570342","display_name":"Extremely high frequency","level":2,"score":0.5336467027664185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.47056150436401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.4586316645145416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.44892898201942444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.44226667284965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.40242376923561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.33758795261383057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.32418274879455566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2511962652206421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1638174057006836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2986671","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2663943450","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NPRP12S-0225-190152","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","funder_display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332753","display_name":"Qatar National Research Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/01svaqq28"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W26600685","https://openalex.org/W1489394413","https://openalex.org/W1533309263","https://openalex.org/W1961845250","https://openalex.org/W1970334960","https://openalex.org/W1982892759","https://openalex.org/W2028869430","https://openalex.org/W2044963064","https://openalex.org/W2049263463","https://openalex.org/W2053933708","https://openalex.org/W2057639346","https://openalex.org/W2083241806","https://openalex.org/W2134535361","https://openalex.org/W2165775263","https://openalex.org/W2182130463","https://openalex.org/W2182970309","https://openalex.org/W2314274351","https://openalex.org/W2342573734","https://openalex.org/W2526778046","https://openalex.org/W2558778358","https://openalex.org/W2562197722","https://openalex.org/W2742573071","https://openalex.org/W2744485539","https://openalex.org/W2794730299","https://openalex.org/W2964113506","https://openalex.org/W2968355472","https://openalex.org/W3104534813"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4281688526","https://openalex.org/W2152088989","https://openalex.org/W2756419127","https://openalex.org/W2327053383","https://openalex.org/W4366493479","https://openalex.org/W2401571617","https://openalex.org/W2161378541","https://openalex.org/W4214571564","https://openalex.org/W2133930609","https://openalex.org/W4290996306"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"enhanced":[1],"security":[2,112],"algorithm":[3],"for":[4,88],"wireless":[5],"communication":[6,135],"system":[7,116],"deploying":[8],"hybrid":[9],"free":[10],"space":[11],"optical":[12],"(FSO)-millimeter":[13],"wave":[14],"(mmWave)":[15],"links":[16,90],"is":[17,30,69,75,108,117,130,149,175],"proposed":[18,115],"in":[19],"this":[20],"clause.":[21],"The":[22,85,153],"activation":[23],"of":[24,81,113,126,133,140,145,155],"either":[25],"links,":[26],"FSO":[27],"or":[28],"mmWave,":[29],"determined":[31],"through":[32,102],"index":[33],"modulation":[34],"(IM)":[35],"technique.":[36],"In":[37],"particular,":[38],"the":[39,46,60,66,78,82,97,100,111,114,124,134,138,143,161,172],"first":[40],"bit":[41],"to":[42,56,93],"be":[43,57,94],"transmitted":[44,58],"determines":[45],"active":[47,61,83],"link;":[48],"while":[49],"remaining":[50],"bits":[51],"modulate":[52],"a":[53],"conventional":[54],"symbol":[55],"over":[59],"link.":[62,84],"Yet,":[63],"before":[64],"transmitting":[65],"symbol,":[67],"it":[68],"precoded":[70],"by":[71],"another":[72],"signal":[73],"that":[74,110],"extracted":[76],"from":[77],"channel":[79,86,104,156,166],"coefficient":[80],"coefficients":[87],"both":[89,151],"are":[91],"assumed":[92],"available":[95],"at":[96],"transmitter":[98],"and":[99,168,177],"receiver":[101],"typical":[103],"estimation":[105,157],"algorithms.":[106],"It":[107],"revealed":[109],"significantly":[118],"enhanced,":[119],"where":[120],"IM":[121],"concept":[122],"degrades":[123],"performance":[125,174],"an":[127,146],"eavesdropper":[128,147,169],"who":[129,148],"attacking":[131,150],"any":[132],"links.":[136,152],"Also,":[137],"use":[139],"precoding":[141],"worsens":[142],"functioning":[144],"impact":[154],"errors":[158],"along":[159],"with":[160],"spectral":[162],"efficiency,":[163],"turbulence":[164],"conditions,":[165],"fading,":[167],"capability":[170],"on":[171],"overall":[173],"investigated":[176],"thoroughly":[178],"discussed.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}