{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3016931720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986005","title":"A Decision-Making Strategy for Vehicle Autonomous Braking in Emergency via Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"A Decision-Making Strategy for Vehicle Autonomous Braking in Emergency via Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3016931720","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986005","mag":"3016931720"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2986005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045398354","display_name":"Yuchuan Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1966-9161"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuchuan Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015340798","display_name":"Changle Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-8908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changle Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2568-8908","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040978564","display_name":"Tom H. Luan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tom H. Luan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5215-7443","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100446961","display_name":"Yao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-5399"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1276-5399","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Services Networks, Xidian University, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.7361,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":184,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99093201,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"6","first_page":"5876","last_page":"5888"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10524","display_name":"Traffic control and management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10462","display_name":"Reinforcement Learning in Robotics","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7196532487869263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5827162265777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5532059669494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48483407497406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake","display_name":"Brake","score":0.468203604221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4516729712486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision-avoidance","display_name":"Collision avoidance","score":0.41945427656173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.39732784032821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.39162975549697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2562304735183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.23080512881278992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.10286730527877808}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7196532487869263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5827162265777588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5532059669494629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48483407497406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.468203604221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4516729712486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780864053","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5147495","display_name":"Collision avoidance","level":3,"score":0.41945427656173706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.39732784032821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39162975549697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2562304735183716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.23080512881278992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.10286730527877808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2986005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2986005","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4099999964237213,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4905520761","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1801266","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1601283302","https://openalex.org/W1965738920","https://openalex.org/W1977270854","https://openalex.org/W1986358971","https://openalex.org/W1992879313","https://openalex.org/W2009303086","https://openalex.org/W2037061473","https://openalex.org/W2101786389","https://openalex.org/W2111115974","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2123514142","https://openalex.org/W2126755103","https://openalex.org/W2129660761","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2146494116","https://openalex.org/W2149748474","https://openalex.org/W2165150801","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2199000878","https://openalex.org/W2286576976","https://openalex.org/W2327635608","https://openalex.org/W2548395657","https://openalex.org/W2558738305","https://openalex.org/W2598643305","https://openalex.org/W2783963507","https://openalex.org/W2791639158","https://openalex.org/W2797923482","https://openalex.org/W2809404773","https://openalex.org/W2912471136","https://openalex.org/W2915686220","https://openalex.org/W2963679616","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2964006217","https://openalex.org/W4302570325","https://openalex.org/W6639949747","https://openalex.org/W6684205842","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6730344819"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4317634134","https://openalex.org/W2981729160","https://openalex.org/W4310743282","https://openalex.org/W4306904969","https://openalex.org/W2743212448","https://openalex.org/W2889566344","https://openalex.org/W3046417820","https://openalex.org/W2537110013","https://openalex.org/W583309402","https://openalex.org/W2742483371"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"braking":[1,34,67,84,146,176],"through":[2],"vehicle":[3,23,62,171],"precise":[4],"decision-making":[5,35,200],"and":[6,48,54,65,122,157,190,202],"control":[7,162],"to":[8,181],"reduce":[9],"accidents":[10],"is":[11,105,140,167],"a":[12,28,89,101,129],"key":[13,42],"issue,":[14],"especially":[15],"in":[16,37,71,78,160,178,195],"the":[17,57,61,66,75,79,82,94,110,117,120,123,126,144,151,154,165,170,188],"early":[18],"diffusion":[19],"phase":[20],"of":[21,81,113,119,125,153,192,197],"autonomous":[22,33,83,98,145],"development.":[24],"This":[25],"paper":[26],"proposes":[27],"deep":[29,135],"reinforcement":[30],"learning":[31,198],"(DRL)-based":[32],"strategy":[36,96,156,166],"an":[38,179],"emergency":[39,180],"situation.":[40],"Three":[41],"influencing":[43],"factors,":[44],"including":[45],"efficiency,":[46],"accuracy":[47,201],"passengers'":[49],"comfort,":[50],"are":[51,69],"fully":[52],"considered":[53],"satisfied":[55],"by":[56],"proposed":[58],"strategy.":[59,85],"First,":[60],"lane-changing":[63],"process":[64,68,91],"analyzed":[70],"detail,":[72],"which":[73,107,148],"include":[74],"critical":[76],"factors":[77],"design":[80],"Second,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"DRL":[90],"that":[92],"determines":[93],"optimal":[95,155,175],"for":[97,142],"braking.":[99],"Particularly,":[100],"multi-objective":[102],"reward":[103],"function":[104],"designed,":[106],"can":[108,149,172],"compromise":[109],"rewards":[111],"achieved":[112],"different":[114],"brake":[115],"moments,":[116],"degree":[118],"accident,":[121],"comfort":[124],"passenger.":[127],"Third,":[128],"typical":[130],"actor-critic":[131],"(AC)":[132],"algorithm":[133],"named":[134],"deterministic":[136],"policy":[137],"gradient":[138],"(DDPG)":[139],"adopted":[141],"solving":[143],"problem,":[147],"improve":[150,182],"efficiency":[152,191],"be":[158],"stable":[159],"continuous":[161],"tasks.":[163],"Once":[164],"well":[168],"trained,":[169],"automatically":[173],"take":[174],"behavior":[177],"driving":[183,203],"safety.":[184,204],"Extensive":[185],"simulations":[186],"validate":[187],"effectiveness":[189],"our":[193],"proposal":[194],"terms":[196],"effectiveness,":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-01T09:00:35.917206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}