{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3005206852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2971254","title":"Unified Biometric Privacy Preserving Three-Factor Authentication and Key Agreement for Cloud-Assisted Autonomous Vehicles","display_name":"Unified Biometric Privacy Preserving Three-Factor Authentication and Key Agreement for Cloud-Assisted Autonomous Vehicles","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3005206852","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2971254","mag":"3005206852"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2971254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2971254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108054661","display_name":"Qi Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0894-4992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qi Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404886","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8781-4925"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96749437","display_name":"Texas A&M University \u2013 Corpus Christi","ror":"https://ror.org/01mrfdz82","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96749437"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033931001","display_name":"Jianbing Ni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5639-0883"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianbing Ni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computing Engineering, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012016098","display_name":"Jianfeng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4251-1143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfeng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100618931","display_name":"Xindi Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0764-3741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xindi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China","School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001746807","display_name":"Kim\u2010Kwang Raymond Choo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9208-5336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45438204","display_name":"The University of Texas at San Antonio","ror":"https://ror.org/01kd65564","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Systems and Cyber Security, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45438204"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108054661"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":25.5998,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":255,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99777531,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"69","issue":"9","first_page":"9390","last_page":"9401"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10828","display_name":"Biometric Identification and Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7365151643753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6768472790718079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.5601128339767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5534223318099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/password","display_name":"Password","score":0.5305942296981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.5157037377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-control","display_name":"Access control","score":0.5110644102096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.44434013962745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.43816742300987244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session-key","display_name":"Session key","score":0.4257047772407532}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7365151643753052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6768472790718079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.5601128339767456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5534223318099976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109297577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161157","display_name":"Password","level":2,"score":0.5305942296981812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.5157037377357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527821871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228502","display_name":"Access control","level":2,"score":0.5110644102096558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.44434013962745667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.43816742300987244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191197275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755775","display_name":"Session key","level":3,"score":0.4257047772407532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2020.2971254","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2020.2971254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5299999713897705,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2045262062","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672415","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3125323892","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61772548","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3203696999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61671360","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5866331025","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61672413","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5889425444","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018M640962","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6965009412","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61872449","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7062912132","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61702404","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8179083654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902290","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8934533281","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1708262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1655377165","https://openalex.org/W1881619864","https://openalex.org/W1976010390","https://openalex.org/W1993180463","https://openalex.org/W2010110700","https://openalex.org/W2010412759","https://openalex.org/W2016120028","https://openalex.org/W2023987713","https://openalex.org/W2024304958","https://openalex.org/W2032551902","https://openalex.org/W2035197451","https://openalex.org/W2059362538","https://openalex.org/W2072671478","https://openalex.org/W2099005886","https://openalex.org/W2111303254","https://openalex.org/W2112350027","https://openalex.org/W2114024372","https://openalex.org/W2114189125","https://openalex.org/W2127451689","https://openalex.org/W2144342348","https://openalex.org/W2200032133","https://openalex.org/W2281830773","https://openalex.org/W2304776229","https://openalex.org/W2325060691","https://openalex.org/W2345643095","https://openalex.org/W2399902476","https://openalex.org/W2509426339","https://openalex.org/W2514873781","https://openalex.org/W2517886277","https://openalex.org/W2522081692","https://openalex.org/W2537005502","https://openalex.org/W2561571016","https://openalex.org/W2570008916","https://openalex.org/W2577887188","https://openalex.org/W2593182419","https://openalex.org/W2597561986","https://openalex.org/W2606281810","https://openalex.org/W2608549194","https://openalex.org/W2611814963","https://openalex.org/W2753905570","https://openalex.org/W2767072011","https://openalex.org/W2779269988","https://openalex.org/W2783957729","https://openalex.org/W2788496341","https://openalex.org/W2791459719","https://openalex.org/W2891772277","https://openalex.org/W2892100170","https://openalex.org/W2906647810","https://openalex.org/W2906896490","https://openalex.org/W2909030650","https://openalex.org/W2910746150","https://openalex.org/W2917929847","https://openalex.org/W2969820022","https://openalex.org/W2974564554","https://openalex.org/W2979997028","https://openalex.org/W2981394497","https://openalex.org/W2985230321","https://openalex.org/W3160027900","https://openalex.org/W4242126308","https://openalex.org/W4293108682","https://openalex.org/W6648653525","https://openalex.org/W6658858456","https://openalex.org/W6674615465","https://openalex.org/W6726056446","https://openalex.org/W6726356567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W143386018","https://openalex.org/W2656445685","https://openalex.org/W1004582678","https://openalex.org/W2115218409","https://openalex.org/W2076845124","https://openalex.org/W2090949570","https://openalex.org/W2183964146","https://openalex.org/W2263162522","https://openalex.org/W2134080857","https://openalex.org/W3104966193"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Autonomous":[0],"vehicles":[1],"(AVs)":[2],"are":[3,100,171,188],"increasingly":[4],"common,":[5],"although":[6],"there":[7],"remain":[8],"a":[9,45,120,134,237],"number":[10],"of":[11,33,58,70,86,93,114,127,182,205,226,252],"limitations":[12],"that":[13,257],"need":[14],"to":[15,23,29,48,82,107,149,153,173,200,220,223,230],"be":[16,24,76],"addressed":[17],"in":[18,36,53,112,124,190],"order":[19],"for":[20],"their":[21],"deployment":[22],"more":[25],"widespread.":[26],"For":[27],"example,":[28],"mitigate":[30],"the":[31,39,50,63,68,87,91,94,125,179,196,206,209,214,218,224,245,250,258],"failure":[32],"self-driving":[34],"functions":[35],"AVs,":[37],"introducing":[38],"remote":[40,64,203],"control":[41,65,85,204],"capability":[42,66],"(which":[43],"allows":[44],"human":[46],"driver":[47],"operate":[49],"vehicle":[51],"remotely":[52,101],"certain":[54],"circumferences)":[55],"is":[56,119,211],"one":[57,194],"several":[59],"countermeasures":[60],"proposed.":[61],"However,":[62],"breaks":[67],"isolation":[69],"onboard":[71],"driving":[72],"systems":[73],"and":[74,96,138,146,156,168,198,208,217,248,267],"can":[75],"potentially":[77],"exploited":[78],"by":[79,104],"malicious":[80],"actors":[81],"take":[83],"over":[84,103],"AVs;":[88],"thus,":[89],"risking":[90],"safety":[92],"passengers":[95],"pedestrians":[97],"(e.g.,":[98],"AVs":[99],"taken":[102],"terrorist":[105],"groups":[106],"carry":[108],"out":[109],"coordinated":[110],"attacks":[111],"places":[113],"mass":[115],"gatherings).":[116],"Therefore,":[117],"security":[118,228,235,239,246,262],"key,":[121],"mandatory":[122],"feature":[123],"design":[126],"AVs.":[128,157],"In":[129],"this":[130],"paper,":[131],"we":[132,242],"propose":[133],"cloud-centric":[135],"three-factor":[136,175],"authentication":[137,176],"key":[139],"agreement":[140],"protocol":[141,259],"(CT-AKA)":[142],"integrating":[143],"passwords,":[144],"biometrics":[145],"smart":[147],"cards":[148],"ensure":[150,231],"secure":[151,202],"access":[152,234],"both":[154],"cloud":[155,219,232],"Three":[158],"typical":[159],"biometric":[160,180],"encryption":[161],"approaches,":[162],"including":[163],"fuzzy":[164,166,169],"vault,":[165],"commitment,":[167],"extractor,":[170],"unified":[172],"achieve":[174],"without":[177],"leaking":[178],"privacy":[181],"users.":[183],"Moreover,":[184],"two":[185],"session":[186],"keys":[187],"negotiated":[189,212],"our":[191],"protocol,":[192],"namely:":[193],"between":[195,213],"user":[197],"AV":[199],"support":[201],"AV,":[207],"other":[210],"mobile":[215],"device":[216],"introduce":[221],"resilience":[222],"compromise":[225],"ephemeral":[227],"parameters":[229],"data":[233],"with":[236,264],"high":[238,261],"guarantee.":[240],"Finally,":[241],"formally":[243],"verify":[244],"properties":[247],"evaluate":[249],"efficiency":[251],"CT-AKA,":[253],"whose":[254],"findings":[255],"demonstrate":[256],"achieves":[260],"strength":[263],"reasonable":[265],"computation":[266],"communication":[268],"costs.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
