{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980340059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2948192","title":"Hybrid Electric Vehicle Two-Step Fuel Efficiency Optimization With Decoupled Energy Management and Speed Control","display_name":"Hybrid Electric Vehicle Two-Step Fuel Efficiency Optimization With Decoupled Energy Management and Speed Control","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980340059","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2948192","mag":"2980340059"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2948192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2948192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10083601/1/final_version.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081701854","display_name":"Boli Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1553-1336"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boli Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1553-1336","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003281017","display_name":"Simos A. Evangelou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-9625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Simos A. Evangelou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4613-9625","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042306195","display_name":"Roberto Lot","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5022-5724"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Lot","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.6588,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8502858,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"12","first_page":"11492","last_page":"11504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12095","display_name":"Vehicle emissions and performance","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/powertrain","display_name":"Powertrain","score":0.895794689655304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.8096297979354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.6285699605941772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5477308034896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.5432696342468262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4564421772956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4520525634288788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.437118262052536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.41996410489082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.41845229268074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.4137725234031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3782803416252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.33524075150489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.25111573934555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.12130537629127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.0987987220287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.0799998939037323}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76047896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1786258","display_name":"Powertrain","level":3,"score":0.895794689655304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.8096297979354858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.6285699605941772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5477308034896851},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.5432696342468262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4564421772956848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4520525634288788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.437118262052536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.41996410489082336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.41845229268074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.4137725234031677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3782803416252136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.33524075150489807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.25111573934555054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.12130537629127502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0987987220287323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0799998939037323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2948192","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2948192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10083601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10083601/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10083601/1/final_version.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 68  (12)   pp. 11492-11504.   (2019)      ","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/74543","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/74543","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"11504","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:www.research.unipd.it:11577/3322468","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/tocresult.jsp?isnumber=8039128&punumber=25","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196283","display_name":"Research Padua  Archive (University of Padua)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I138689650","host_organization_name":"University of Padua","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I138689650"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:10083601","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10083601/","pdf_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10083601/1/final_version.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 68  (12)   pp. 11492-11504.   (2019)      ","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8899999856948853,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2334342458","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N022262/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5824756056","display_name":"Green adaptive control for future interconnected vehicles","funder_award_id":"EP/N022262/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980340059.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2980340059.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W822974666","https://openalex.org/W1506660872","https://openalex.org/W1510256105","https://openalex.org/W1968649851","https://openalex.org/W1974890722","https://openalex.org/W1983639748","https://openalex.org/W2017749620","https://openalex.org/W2018725342","https://openalex.org/W2040420184","https://openalex.org/W2045833434","https://openalex.org/W2069053055","https://openalex.org/W2070523120","https://openalex.org/W2087239778","https://openalex.org/W2090715271","https://openalex.org/W2094311908","https://openalex.org/W2102353974","https://openalex.org/W2108227458","https://openalex.org/W2109867326","https://openalex.org/W2116507007","https://openalex.org/W2122554293","https://openalex.org/W2131836176","https://openalex.org/W2133150655","https://openalex.org/W2157525649","https://openalex.org/W2165579389","https://openalex.org/W2166537799","https://openalex.org/W2280368426","https://openalex.org/W2344953599","https://openalex.org/W2427869007","https://openalex.org/W2437270635","https://openalex.org/W2466636338","https://openalex.org/W2613420336","https://openalex.org/W2618149076","https://openalex.org/W2735803068","https://openalex.org/W2750303678","https://openalex.org/W2772971464","https://openalex.org/W2794808204","https://openalex.org/W2894375582","https://openalex.org/W2901276933","https://openalex.org/W2918206979","https://openalex.org/W2922501931","https://openalex.org/W2952366389","https://openalex.org/W2975477515"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2190340979","https://openalex.org/W2161073431","https://openalex.org/W4378221891","https://openalex.org/W2015787719","https://openalex.org/W3013270338","https://openalex.org/W1975741923","https://openalex.org/W3055590072","https://openalex.org/W4242275422","https://openalex.org/W2234895712","https://openalex.org/W2899838057"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"electric":[1],"vehicles":[2],"(HEVs)":[3],"offer":[4],"an":[5,120],"effective":[6],"solution":[7,151,168],"for":[8,55,58],"emissions":[9],"reduction":[10],"and":[11,35,50,112,137,174,189,200],"fuel":[12,56,180],"energy":[13,22,37,139],"savings.":[14],"The":[15,187],"pursuit":[16],"of":[17,32,77,102,106,123,153,191],"further":[18],"improvements":[19],"in":[20,114],"their":[21],"efficiency":[23],"has":[24],"led":[25],"to":[26,72,148,170],"the":[27,47,74,96,100,104,107,115,133,138,150,154,161,171,178,192],"two":[28],"fundamental":[29],"optimization":[30,117],"challenges":[31],"vehicle":[33,48],"speed":[34,49,116,136,167],"powertrain":[36,51,109,125],"management":[38],"(EM),":[39],"which":[40,145],"are":[41],"inherently":[42],"coupled.":[43],"This":[44],"paper":[45],"examines":[46],"EM":[52,202],"co-optimization":[53,97],"problem":[54,98],"economy":[57],"a":[59,63,78,87,124,165,198],"series":[60],"HEV":[61,108],"following":[62],"prescribed":[64],"route":[65],"with":[66,182],"expected":[67],"traveling":[68],"time.":[69],"In":[70],"order":[71],"overcome":[73],"computational":[75,185],"burden":[76],"large":[79],"scale":[80],"optimal":[81,90,134],"control":[82,91,203],"problem,":[83],"this":[84],"work":[85],"presents":[86],"novel":[88],"two-step":[89,194],"strategy":[92],"that":[93,130,160],"suitably":[94],"separates":[95],"on":[99],"basis":[101],"involving":[103],"characteristics":[105],"power":[110,141],"split":[111,142],"losses":[113],"step":[118],"without":[119],"explicit":[121],"use":[122],"model.":[126],"A":[127],"benchmark":[128,172,179],"method":[129,163],"simultaneously":[131],"solves":[132],"driving":[135,166],"source":[140],"is":[143,146,158],"introduced,":[144],"used":[147],"show":[149],"quality":[152],"proposed":[155,162,193],"approach.":[156],"It":[157],"illustrated":[159],"yields":[164],"close":[169],"method,":[173],"additionally":[175],"it":[176,197],"outperforms":[177],"economy,":[181],"much":[183],"higher":[184],"efficiency.":[186],"simplicity":[188],"effectiveness":[190],"approach":[195],"make":[196],"practical":[199],"implementable":[201],"strategy.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-18T10:00:31.954636","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}