{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2978902878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2945339","title":"Broadcast Authentication in Latency-Critical Applications: On the Efficiency of IEEE 1609.2","display_name":"Broadcast Authentication in Latency-Critical Applications: On the Efficiency of IEEE 1609.2","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2978902878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2945339","mag":"2978902878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2945339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2945339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057044457","display_name":"Mir Ali Rezazadeh Baee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-7287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mir Ali Rezazadeh Baee","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-7287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033714926","display_name":"Leonie Simpson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-9741"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonie Simpson","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8434-9741","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014449585","display_name":"Ernest Foo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-6415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ernest Foo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3971-6415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045977578","display_name":"Josef Pieprzyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-6466"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","display_name":"Queensland University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03pnv4752","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087266","display_name":"Institute of Computer Science","ror":"https://ror.org/003fvp964","country_code":"PL","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087266","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101388","display_name":"Health Sciences and Nutrition","ror":"https://ror.org/0152bt112","country_code":"AU","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I4210101388","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I42894916","display_name":"Data61","ror":"https://ror.org/03q397159","country_code":"AU","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1292875679","https://openalex.org/I2801453606","https://openalex.org/I42894916","https://openalex.org/I4387156119"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99542240","display_name":"Polish Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/01dr6c206","country_code":"PL","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99542240"]}],"countries":["AU","PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Josef Pieprzyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Data61, Sydney, Australia","Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1917-6466","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Data61, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101388","https://openalex.org/I42894916"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087266","https://openalex.org/I99542240"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.462,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81645037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"12","first_page":"11577","last_page":"11587"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.7277827858924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7263492345809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.6732457876205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.6150290966033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5686574578285217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/message-authentication-code","display_name":"Message authentication code","score":0.5659358501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crash","display_name":"Crash","score":0.5004732608795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligent-transportation-system","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","score":0.46253493428230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.4576422870159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4338516891002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-latency","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","score":0.4240432381629944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2731790542602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.18345698714256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17655745148658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1146622896194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.0788109302520752}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.7277827858924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7263492345809937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.6732457876205444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6150290966033936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5686574578285217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141492731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052621","display_name":"Message authentication code","level":3,"score":0.5659358501434326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.5004732608795166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47796450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508378","display_name":"Intelligent transportation system","level":2,"score":0.46253493428230286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.4576422870159149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4338516891002655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46637626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6693015","display_name":"Low latency (capital markets)","level":2,"score":0.4240432381629944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2731790542602539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.18345698714256287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17655745148658752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1146622896194458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0788109302520752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147176958","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590","display_name":"Civil engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2945339","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2945339","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.qut.edu.au:207933","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402607","display_name":"QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I160993911","host_organization_name":"Queensland University of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160993911"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"Contribution to Journal"},{"id":"pmh:oai:research-repository.griffith.edu.au:10072/395317","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10072/395317","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2196643393","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018/31/B/ST6/03003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","funder_display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4131288146","display_name":"Privacy-preserving data processing on the cloud","funder_award_id":"DP180102199","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","funder_display_name":"Australian Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322511","display_name":"Narodowe Centrum Nauki","ror":"https://ror.org/03ha2q922"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334704","display_name":"Australian Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/05mmh0f86"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1019433598","https://openalex.org/W1508193711","https://openalex.org/W1869778509","https://openalex.org/W1871651397","https://openalex.org/W2003736153","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2015345700","https://openalex.org/W2018468667","https://openalex.org/W2036378739","https://openalex.org/W2037107113","https://openalex.org/W2052162965","https://openalex.org/W2079064344","https://openalex.org/W2097067054","https://openalex.org/W2098753860","https://openalex.org/W2101660622","https://openalex.org/W2108905962","https://openalex.org/W2112525087","https://openalex.org/W2112791494","https://openalex.org/W2121247918","https://openalex.org/W2150518582","https://openalex.org/W2154130031","https://openalex.org/W2159584786","https://openalex.org/W2162433887","https://openalex.org/W2162455895","https://openalex.org/W2186896553","https://openalex.org/W2252373873","https://openalex.org/W2583006653","https://openalex.org/W2783231860","https://openalex.org/W4247025672","https://openalex.org/W4292027090","https://openalex.org/W6639086533","https://openalex.org/W6676474364","https://openalex.org/W6682525230","https://openalex.org/W6686740604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026516036","https://openalex.org/W626940945","https://openalex.org/W2040826996","https://openalex.org/W375763875","https://openalex.org/W2111579573","https://openalex.org/W120748129","https://openalex.org/W2774344263","https://openalex.org/W2070120713","https://openalex.org/W2802293874","https://openalex.org/W4312661457"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Standards":[0],"such":[1,71,112],"as":[2,72,113,193],"the":[3,47,87,92,105,108,139,149,170,197,204],"American":[4],"IEEE":[5,73,93],"1609,":[6],"European":[7],"ETSI":[8,76],"ITS-G5,":[9],"and":[10,35,55,75,124,166],"Japanese":[11],"ARIB":[12],"STD-T109":[13],"aim":[14],"to":[15,38,60,96,167],"establish":[16],"Cooperative":[17],"Intelligent":[18],"Transportation":[19],"Systems":[20],"(C-ITS)":[21],"by":[22],"enabling":[23],"Vehicular":[24],"Ad-Hoc":[25],"Networks":[26],"(VANETs).":[27],"In":[28,82],"VANETs,":[29],"vehicles":[30,34],"communicate":[31],"with":[32,207],"other":[33],"roadside":[36],"infrastructure":[37],"support":[39],"latency-critical":[40,174],"applications":[41,219],"which":[42],"increase":[43],"driver":[44,179],"awareness":[45],"of":[46,107,151,173,196],"surroundings.":[48],"This":[49],"should":[50],"result":[51,195],"in":[52,91,122,127,220],"improved":[53],"safety":[54,100,152],"possibly":[56],"optimizing":[57],"traffic.":[58],"However,":[59],"secure":[61],"VANET":[62],"communications":[63],"against":[64],"message":[65,125],"manipulation":[66],"or":[67],"replaying,":[68],"security":[69],"standards":[70],"1609.2":[74,94],"TS":[77],"103":[78],"097":[79],"are":[80],"proposed.":[81],"this":[83],"work,":[84],"we":[85,147,186],"implement":[86],"cryptographic":[88],"primitives":[89],"recommended":[90,205],"standard":[95],"authenticate":[97],"low":[98,216],"latency":[99,217],"critical":[101],"messages.":[102],"We":[103,129,163,201],"evaluate":[104,148],"effect":[106],"implementation":[109],"using":[110],"metrics":[111],"CPU":[114],"clock":[115],"cycles":[116],"per":[117],"operation,":[118],"average":[119],"computation":[120],"time":[121],"milliseconds,":[123],"size":[126],"bits.":[128],"perform":[130],"a":[131,134,189,194,212,221],"simulation":[132],"presenting":[133],"high-density":[135],"highway":[136],"scenario":[137],"for":[138,215],"above":[140],"mentioned":[141],"C-ITS":[142],"standards.":[143],"For":[144],"each":[145],"standard,":[146],"number":[150],"messages":[153,175],"that":[154,188,203],"can":[155,210],"be":[156,211],"successfully":[157],"received":[158],"within":[159],"100":[160],"ms":[161],"latency.":[162],"show":[164,187,202],"how":[165],"what":[168],"extent":[169],"authentication":[171,199],"overhead":[172],"may":[176],"impact":[177],"on":[178],"safety.":[180],"Under":[181],"an":[182],"assumed":[183],"traffic":[184],"scenario,":[185],"crash":[190],"is":[191],"possible,":[192],"evaluated":[198],"delay.":[200],"algorithms":[206],"specific":[208],"parameters":[209],"potential":[213],"solution":[214],"safety-critical":[218],"large":[222],"scale":[223],"scenario.":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}