{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2889949341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2937652","title":"5G Massive MIMO Architectures: Self-Backhauled Small Cells Versus Direct Access","display_name":"5G Massive MIMO Architectures: Self-Backhauled Small Cells Versus Direct Access","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2889949341","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2937652","mag":"2889949341"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2937652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2937652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.03953","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea Bonfante","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7440-2473"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105201","display_name":"Nokia (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcaj468","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Bonfante","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lorenzo Galati Giordano","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105201","display_name":"Nokia (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcaj468","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lorenzo Galati Giordano","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0083-7313"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105201","display_name":"Nokia (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcaj468","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David L\u00f3pez-P\u00e9rez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6556-9439"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105201","display_name":"Nokia (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcaj468","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adrian Garcia-Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Giovanni Geraci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9998-1747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105201","display_name":"Nokia (Ireland)","ror":"https://ror.org/01dcaj468","country_code":"IE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni Geraci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105201"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Paolo Baracca","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3249-3594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159457","display_name":"Nokia (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05nh5td39","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2738502077","https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paolo Baracca","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nokia Bell Labs, Stuttgart, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nokia Bell Labs, Stuttgart, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"M. Majid Butt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2875-1714"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Majid Butt","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nicola Marchetti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3788-5845"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205274468","display_name":"Trinity College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/02tyrky19","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicola Marchetti","raw_affiliation_strings":["CONNECT Centre for Future Networks, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CONNECT Centre for Future Networks, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205274468"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210105201"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9364,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86113763,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"10","first_page":"10003","last_page":"10017"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.7152000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.7152000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11158","display_name":"Wireless Networks and Protocols","score":0.155799999833107,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12079","display_name":"IoT Networks and Protocols","score":0.019999999552965164,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backhaul","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.6205000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reuse","display_name":"Reuse","score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access","display_name":"Random access","score":0.5138000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.36489999294281006}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103760667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q798444","display_name":"Backhaul (telecommunications)","level":3,"score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6238999962806702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.6205000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.578499972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.554099977016449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.5230000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101722063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218825","display_name":"Random access","level":2,"score":0.5138000249862671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4997999966144562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.4223000109195709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.397599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.36489999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777958785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120940","display_name":"Resource efficiency","level":2,"score":0.34599998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62793504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228327","display_name":"Access network","level":2,"score":0.3314000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.3303999900817871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17652562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345402","display_name":"LTE Advanced","level":3,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.32019999623298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106365562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3078360","display_name":"Radio access network","level":4,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182448111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7281197","display_name":"Radio resource management","level":4,"score":0.31690001487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.27959999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2985434377","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212607","display_name":"Wireless lan","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206345919","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20380951","display_name":"Resource (disambiguation)","level":2,"score":0.27480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778258436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30672262","display_name":"Outage probability","level":4,"score":0.2743000090122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85884896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7574075","display_name":"Spatial multiplexing","level":4,"score":0.2694000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2685999870300293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.26159998774528503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65165936","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575784","display_name":"Baseband","level":3,"score":0.2615000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.26030001044273376}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2937652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2937652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositori-api.upf.edu:10230/44045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10230/44045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402615","display_name":"Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I170486558","host_organization_name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170486558"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1809.03953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03953","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.03953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1809.03953","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1809.03953","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1809.03953","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6586979110","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"13/RC/2077","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","funder_display_name":"European Regional Development Fund"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320847","display_name":"Science Foundation Ireland","ror":"https://ror.org/0271asj38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321056","display_name":"Irish Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/051xex213"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W1518945650","https://openalex.org/W1533983785","https://openalex.org/W1580564268","https://openalex.org/W1639008916","https://openalex.org/W1902231508","https://openalex.org/W1922992366","https://openalex.org/W1938738734","https://openalex.org/W1951602908","https://openalex.org/W1952529691","https://openalex.org/W1953553238","https://openalex.org/W1977207404","https://openalex.org/W2005108639","https://openalex.org/W2007164647","https://openalex.org/W2096927504","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2102465185","https://openalex.org/W2120419969","https://openalex.org/W2125986229","https://openalex.org/W2127337238","https://openalex.org/W2128145324","https://openalex.org/W2128513990","https://openalex.org/W2141974809","https://openalex.org/W2142989636","https://openalex.org/W2145013959","https://openalex.org/W2155072837","https://openalex.org/W2163770004","https://openalex.org/W2228080372","https://openalex.org/W2246689711","https://openalex.org/W2261127636","https://openalex.org/W2468427063","https://openalex.org/W2585116755","https://openalex.org/W2725856337","https://openalex.org/W2770606349","https://openalex.org/W2778249932","https://openalex.org/W2898722206","https://openalex.org/W2916767565","https://openalex.org/W2962815183","https://openalex.org/W2962873987","https://openalex.org/W2963944386"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,62,78],"focus":[4],"on":[5],"one":[6],"of":[7,23,38,84,134,190,197,207],"the":[8,12,34,64,75,94,112,122,131,139,178,187,191,195,204,208],"key":[9],"technologies":[10],"for":[11,33,81,153],"fifth-generation":[13],"wireless":[14],"communication":[15],"networks,":[16],"massive":[17],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[18],"(mMIMO),":[19],"by":[20],"investigating":[21],"two":[22,71,82],"its":[24],"most":[25],"relevant":[26],"architectures:":[27],"1)":[28],"to":[29,45,50,101,103,121,138,158,165],"provide":[30,46,79],"in-band":[31,123],"backhaul":[32,114],"ultra-dense":[35],"network":[36],"(UDN)":[37],"self-backhauled":[39,85,135],"small":[40],"cells":[41],"(SCs),":[42],"and":[43,59,90,115,145,160,173,203],"2)":[44],"direct":[47],"access":[48,107,116],"(DA)":[49],"user":[51],"equipments":[52],"(UEs).":[53],"Through":[54],"comprehensive":[55],"3GPP-based":[56],"system-level":[57],"simulations":[58],"analytical":[60],"formulations,":[61],"show":[63,129],"end-to-end":[65],"UE":[66,192],"rates":[67,193],"achievable":[68],"with":[69,141,146,169],"these":[70],"architectures.":[72],"Differently":[73],"from":[74],"existing":[76],"works,":[77],"results":[80,128],"strategies":[83],"SC":[86],"deployments,":[87],"namely":[88],"random":[89],"ad-hoc,":[91],"where":[92],"in":[93],"latter":[95],"SCs":[96,136],"are":[97],"purposely":[98],"positioned":[99],"close":[100],"UEs":[102,140,155],"achieve":[104],"line-of-sight":[105],"(LoS)":[106],"links.":[108],"We":[109],"also":[110],"evaluate":[111],"optimal":[113,142],"time":[117],"resource":[118,143],"partition":[119,144],"due":[120],"self-backhauling":[124],"(s-BH)":[125],"operations.":[126],"Our":[127],"that":[130,156],"ad-hoc":[132],"deployment":[133],"closer":[137],"directive":[147],"antenna":[148],"patterns,":[149],"provides":[150],"rate":[151],"improvements":[152],"cell-edge":[154],"amount":[157],"30%":[159],"tenfold":[161],"gain,":[162],"as":[163],"compared":[164],"mMIMO":[166,181,184],"DA":[167,185,209],"architecture":[168],"pilot":[170,198],"reuse":[171,174],"3":[172],"1,":[175],"respectively.":[176],"On":[177],"other":[179],"hand,":[180],"s-BH":[182],"underperforms":[183],"above":[186],"median":[188],"value":[189],"when":[194],"effect":[196],"contamination":[199],"is":[200],"less":[201],"severe,":[202],"LoS":[205],"probability":[206],"links":[210],"improves.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2018-09-27T00:00:00"}