{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2949200436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2921563","title":"Generalized Hybrid Beamforming for Vehicular Connectivity Using THz Massive MIMO","display_name":"Generalized Hybrid Beamforming for Vehicular Connectivity Using THz Massive MIMO","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2949200436","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2921563","mag":"2949200436"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2921563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2921563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/14384","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020400979","display_name":"Sherif Adeshina Busari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-4218"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sherif Adeshina Busari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4722-4218","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015611302","display_name":"Kazi Mohammed Saidul Huq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-958X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazi Mohammed Saidul Huq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6916-958X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056209905","display_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-6149"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shahid Mumtaz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6364-6149","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Aveiro, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065466622","display_name":"Jonathan Rodr\u0131\u0301guez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-0955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I128993996","display_name":"University of South Wales","ror":"https://ror.org/02mzn7s88","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I128993996"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Rodriguez","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of South Wales, Pontypridd, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9829-0955","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of South Wales, Pontypridd, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I128993996"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067418255","display_name":"Yi Fang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-249X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76569877","display_name":"Southeast University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ct4d772","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Fang","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1538-249X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76569877"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076697184","display_name":"Douglas Sicker","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0296-5212"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas C. Sicker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0296-5212","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023648639","display_name":"Saba Al\u2013Rubaye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-904X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saba Al-Rubaye","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085012064","display_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-7633"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","display_name":"Cranfield University","ror":"https://ror.org/05cncd958","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonios Tsourdos","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3966-7633","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing, Cranfield University, Bedford, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020400979"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.7483,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":126,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97936611,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"9","first_page":"8372","last_page":"8383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10936","display_name":"Millimeter-Wave Propagation and Modeling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10262","display_name":"Microwave Engineering and Waveguides","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.7800304889678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.7086008787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5816150307655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5594407320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.49983644485473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/array-data-structure","display_name":"Array data structure","score":0.46500810980796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.41545528173446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4133138954639435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3572322130203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3529338836669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25455403327941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13985073566436768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.7800304889678955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.7086008787155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5816150307655334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5594407320022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.49983644485473633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146064661","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186152","display_name":"Array data structure","level":2,"score":0.46500810980796814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.41545528173446655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4133138954639435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3572322130203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3529338836669922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25455403327941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13985073566436768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2921563","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2921563","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/14384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/14384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk:1826/14384","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/14384","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401778","display_name":"CERES (Cranfield University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I82284825","host_organization_name":"Cranfield University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82284825"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.7099999785423279,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W595252221","https://openalex.org/W1432778544","https://openalex.org/W1956027752","https://openalex.org/W2004294022","https://openalex.org/W2015161865","https://openalex.org/W2035535653","https://openalex.org/W2053521124","https://openalex.org/W2098126478","https://openalex.org/W2164631123","https://openalex.org/W2168311839","https://openalex.org/W2321959027","https://openalex.org/W2342863993","https://openalex.org/W2406391039","https://openalex.org/W2463747392","https://openalex.org/W2545392450","https://openalex.org/W2546963302","https://openalex.org/W2585468814","https://openalex.org/W2593489945","https://openalex.org/W2595079436","https://openalex.org/W2604962672","https://openalex.org/W2610335499","https://openalex.org/W2734524380","https://openalex.org/W2781054684","https://openalex.org/W2792258190","https://openalex.org/W2808349061","https://openalex.org/W2808499605","https://openalex.org/W2808569941","https://openalex.org/W2914957131","https://openalex.org/W2916383322","https://openalex.org/W2917846555","https://openalex.org/W2956205027","https://openalex.org/W3099908750","https://openalex.org/W6654144725","https://openalex.org/W6760396582"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2134916061","https://openalex.org/W2155567810","https://openalex.org/W2344765023","https://openalex.org/W4381785485","https://openalex.org/W2519595499","https://openalex.org/W4205696264","https://openalex.org/W3010469571","https://openalex.org/W2463053673","https://openalex.org/W2393478743","https://openalex.org/W4224872188"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"beamforming":[1],"(HBF)":[2],"array":[3,133],"structure":[4,134],"has":[5],"been":[6],"extensively":[7],"demonstrated":[8],"as":[9,94],"the":[10,20,42,46,51,64,67,70,82,88,95,107,112,116,127,130,147,158,163,171,190,195,207,224,227],"practically":[11],"feasible":[12],"architecture":[13],"for":[14,81,157,206],"massive":[15,212],"multiple-input":[16],"multiple-output":[17],"(MIMO).":[18],"From":[19],"perspectives":[21],"of":[22,87,129,162,181,226],"spectral":[23],"efficiency":[24,27],"(SE),":[25],"energy":[26],"(EE),":[28],"cost,":[29],"and":[30,45,69,84,111,143,184,194],"hardware":[31,185],"complexity,":[32],"HBF":[33,52,89,132],"strikes":[34],"a":[35,77,120,136,176,221],"balanced":[36,177],"performance":[37,85,128,160],"tradeoff":[38,178],"when":[39,187],"compared":[40,188],"with":[41,189],"fully":[43,47,65,192],"analog":[44],"digital":[48],"implementations.":[49],"Using":[50,119],"architecture,":[53],"it":[54],"is":[55,98],"possible":[56],"to":[57,106,214],"realize":[58],"three":[59],"different":[60,108,164],"subarray":[61,72,96,109,165,173,200],"structures,":[62],"specifically":[63],"connected,":[66],"subconnected":[68,196],"overlapped":[71,172,199],"structures.":[73,166,197],"This":[74],"paper":[75],"presents":[76],"novel":[78],"generalized":[79,131],"framework":[80],"design":[83],"analysis":[86,161],"architecture.":[90],"A":[91],"parameter,":[92],"known":[93],"spacing,":[97],"introduced":[99],"such":[100],"that":[101,170],"varying":[102],"its":[103],"value":[104],"leads":[105],"configurations":[110],"consequent":[113],"changes":[114],"in":[115,135,179,223],"system":[117],"performance.":[118],"realistic":[121],"power":[122],"consumption":[123],"model,":[124],"we":[125],"investigate":[126],"cellular":[137],"infrastructure-to-everything":[138],"application":[139],"scenario":[140],"(involving":[141],"pedestrian":[142],"vehicular":[144],"users)":[145],"using":[146],"single-path":[148],"terahertz":[149],"(THz)":[150],"channel":[151],"model.":[152],"Simulation":[153],"results":[154,168],"are":[155],"provided":[156],"comparative":[159],"The":[167,198],"show":[169],"implementation":[174],"maintains":[175],"terms":[180],"SE,":[182],"EE,":[183],"cost":[186],"popular":[191],"connected":[193],"structure,":[201],"therefore,":[202],"offers":[203],"promising":[204],"potentials":[205],"beyond-5G":[208],"networks":[209],"employing":[210],"THz":[211],"MIMO":[213],"deliver":[215],"ultrahigh":[216],"data":[217],"rates":[218],"whilst":[219],"maintaining":[220],"balance":[222],"EE":[225],"network.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
