{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2930720221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2909167","title":"UAV-Based 3D Spectrum Sensing in Spectrum-Heterogeneous Networks","display_name":"UAV-Based 3D Spectrum Sensing in Spectrum-Heterogeneous Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-04-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2930720221","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2909167","mag":"2930720221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2909167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2909167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024839880","display_name":"Feng Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9488-1368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Feng Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076455133","display_name":"Guoru Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1780-2547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163363","display_name":"PLA Army Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mgp8x93","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoru Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Communications Engineering, Army Engineering University, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163363"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082429626","display_name":"Zheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8305-0676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100785098","display_name":"Qihui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9521-5084"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9842412","display_name":"Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics","ror":"https://ror.org/01scyh794","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qihui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024839880"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9842412"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.5656,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":106,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98543445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"6","first_page":"5711","last_page":"5722"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10579","display_name":"Cognitive Radio Networks and Spectrum Sensing","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12879","display_name":"Distributed Sensor Networks and Detection Algorithms","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10891","display_name":"Radar Systems and Signal Processing","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.69370436668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-radio","display_name":"Cognitive radio","score":0.6771986484527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5944057106971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/false-alarm","display_name":"False alarm","score":0.5106175541877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/white-spaces","display_name":"White spaces","score":0.45608943700790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna-diversity","display_name":"Antenna diversity","score":0.4500305652618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.42274293303489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3215598464012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2828673720359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24021074175834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.19062411785125732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.13745802640914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.0980781614780426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.69370436668396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149946192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3235733","display_name":"Cognitive radio","level":3,"score":0.6771986484527588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5944057106971741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776836416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364844","display_name":"False alarm","level":2,"score":0.5106175541877747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96391052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256313","display_name":"White spaces","level":4,"score":0.45608943700790405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60069766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357054","display_name":"Antenna diversity","level":3,"score":0.4500305652618408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.42274293303489685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3215598464012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2828673720359802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24021074175834656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.19062411785125732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.13745802640914917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0980781614780426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2909167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2909167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2871462706","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61501510","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3277593382","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61801216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3447316154","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NE2017103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G381434843","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61631020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3847166319","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NP2018103","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G490208846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018T110426","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","funder_display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956215899","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NC2017003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G801768937","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BK20180420","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322769","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W640676175","https://openalex.org/W1509532469","https://openalex.org/W1568989189","https://openalex.org/W1969247449","https://openalex.org/W2011383489","https://openalex.org/W2029431662","https://openalex.org/W2036788473","https://openalex.org/W2067372704","https://openalex.org/W2071707134","https://openalex.org/W2084436032","https://openalex.org/W2101840010","https://openalex.org/W2101871422","https://openalex.org/W2103689586","https://openalex.org/W2110798624","https://openalex.org/W2111136196","https://openalex.org/W2115539095","https://openalex.org/W2120296308","https://openalex.org/W2122377606","https://openalex.org/W2129543395","https://openalex.org/W2134049434","https://openalex.org/W2134396534","https://openalex.org/W2140452629","https://openalex.org/W2146059050","https://openalex.org/W2146315101","https://openalex.org/W2150397642","https://openalex.org/W2153620960","https://openalex.org/W2155999145","https://openalex.org/W2158434347","https://openalex.org/W2165202277","https://openalex.org/W2167230435","https://openalex.org/W2168078104","https://openalex.org/W2169279037","https://openalex.org/W2213037223","https://openalex.org/W2289285657","https://openalex.org/W2510209540","https://openalex.org/W2558339943","https://openalex.org/W2613353268","https://openalex.org/W2776419204","https://openalex.org/W2883880986","https://openalex.org/W2962751492","https://openalex.org/W2964310887","https://openalex.org/W2964335392","https://openalex.org/W3099611313","https://openalex.org/W4237055819","https://openalex.org/W6630760779","https://openalex.org/W6634270957","https://openalex.org/W6689334447","https://openalex.org/W6730540804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994734174","https://openalex.org/W2181410425","https://openalex.org/W2051888740","https://openalex.org/W2382279859","https://openalex.org/W2229545378","https://openalex.org/W2046691252","https://openalex.org/W2384472869","https://openalex.org/W2111066923","https://openalex.org/W3203708548","https://openalex.org/W2132580384"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,59],"cognitive":[1],"radio":[2],"networks,":[3],"collaborative":[4],"spectrum":[5,21,28,43,57,70,87,108,209],"sensing":[6,71,92,118,160,170,175,183],"has":[7],"been":[8],"recognized":[9],"as":[10],"a":[11,141,146,218],"key":[12],"technology":[13],"to":[14,19,150,215,230],"enable":[15],"secondary":[16],"users":[17],"(SUs)":[18],"detect":[20],"holes":[22],"and":[23,46,101,120,126,134,145,172,211],"opportunistically":[24],"access":[25,109],"primary":[26],"licensed":[27],"band":[29],"without":[30],"harmful":[31],"interference.":[32],"Most":[33],"of":[34,67,81,180,196,208],"the":[35,55,65,78,91,114,122,152,166,178,181,186,206,213,216,231],"existing":[36],"studies":[37],"focus":[38],"on":[39],"1D":[40],"or":[41,48],"2D":[42],"opportunity":[44,117],"detection":[45,127,202],"explicitly":[47],"implicitly":[49],"assume":[50],"that":[51],"all":[52],"SUs":[53],"share":[54],"same":[56],"opportunity.":[58],"this":[60],"paper,":[61],"we":[62,112,139,191],"first":[63],"investigate":[64],"issue":[66],"joint":[68],"spatial-temporal":[69,116,123,154,159],"in":[72,185],"3D":[73,115,158,168,173,187],"spectrum-heterogeneous":[74,188],"space":[75,93],"by":[76],"leveraging":[77],"location":[79],"flexibility":[80],"flying":[82],"unmanned":[83],"aerial":[84],"vehicle":[85],"(UAV)":[86],"sensors.":[88],"We":[89],"divide":[90],"into":[94],"three":[95,193],"layers:":[96],"black":[97],"layer,":[98,100,103],"grey":[99],"white":[102],"which":[104,198],"represent":[105],"different":[106],"spatial":[107,147],"opportunities.":[110],"Then,":[111],"formulate":[113],"model":[119],"derive":[121],"false":[124],"alarm":[125],"probabilities":[128],"at":[129],"both":[130],"single":[131],"UAV":[132],"level":[133],"whole":[135],"network":[136],"level.":[137],"Afterwards,":[138],"design":[140],"temporal":[142],"fusion":[143,148],"window":[144],"sphere":[149],"address":[151],"composite":[153],"data":[155],"fusion,":[156],"called":[157],"(3DSTS).":[161],"A":[162],"comparison":[163],"among":[164],"3DSTS,":[165,197],"benchmark":[167],"non-cooperative":[169],"(3DNCS)":[171],"cooperative":[174],"(3DCS)":[176],"shows":[177],"inefficiency":[179],"traditional":[182],"schemes":[184],"networks.":[189],"Furthermore,":[190],"develop":[192],"improved":[194],"versions":[195],"show":[199],"much":[200],"better":[201],"performance.":[203],"To":[204],"maximize":[205],"utilization":[207],"resource":[210],"minimize":[212],"interference":[214],"PU,":[217],"sensing-based":[219],"power":[220],"control":[221],"scheme":[222],"is":[223],"also":[224],"proposed.":[225],"Finally,":[226],"numerical":[227],"simulations":[228],"corresponding":[229],"theoretical":[232],"analysis":[233],"are":[234],"demonstrated.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-28T08:17:26.163206","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
