{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2918206979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2903119","title":"Heuristic Dynamic Programming Based Online Energy Management Strategy for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles","display_name":"Heuristic Dynamic Programming Based Online Energy Management Strategy for Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2918206979","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2903119","mag":"2918206979"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2903119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2903119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101913338","display_name":"Jichao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5036-8642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jichao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5036-8642","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yangzhou Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-2576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yangzhou Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2736-2576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008478728","display_name":"Jingyuan Zhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6863-9252"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingyuan Zhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6863-9252","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101801119","display_name":"Fei Shang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6102-0484"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37796252","display_name":"Beijing University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/037b1pp87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Shang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Traffic Engineering, College of Artificial Intelligence and Automation, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101913338"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37796252"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6291,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":92,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96813889,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"68","issue":"5","first_page":"4479","last_page":"4493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.7546716928482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6407715082168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.529546856880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5060102343559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.48282894492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.47767171263694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuel-efficiency","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","score":0.46691444516181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-dynamics","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","score":0.44967371225357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.4480116367340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.4475232660770416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4159736931324005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.41176629066467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.38449227809906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3213127553462982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3207932710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1469438374042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10607859492301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.0911303460597992}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.7546716928482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6407715082168579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.529546856880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5060102343559265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.48282894492149353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.47767171263694763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45882903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5042317","display_name":"Fuel efficiency","level":2,"score":0.46691444516181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79487989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q934680","display_name":"Vehicle dynamics","level":2,"score":0.44967371225357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.4480116367340088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.4475232660770416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4159736931324005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41176629066467285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.38449227809906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3213127553462982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3207932710647583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1469438374042511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10607859492301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0911303460597992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2019.2903119","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2019.2903119","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3115273250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526290942","https://openalex.org/W1972941473","https://openalex.org/W1977429504","https://openalex.org/W1987486514","https://openalex.org/W2013696758","https://openalex.org/W2039417685","https://openalex.org/W2116507007","https://openalex.org/W2119208341","https://openalex.org/W2123551074","https://openalex.org/W2130285879","https://openalex.org/W2136064843","https://openalex.org/W2136132714","https://openalex.org/W2150323660","https://openalex.org/W2164600430","https://openalex.org/W2165254770","https://openalex.org/W2220460425","https://openalex.org/W2267263964","https://openalex.org/W2280562613","https://openalex.org/W2295765097","https://openalex.org/W2466636338","https://openalex.org/W2490431149","https://openalex.org/W2566684618","https://openalex.org/W2569281615","https://openalex.org/W2570494446","https://openalex.org/W2746662236","https://openalex.org/W2772423517","https://openalex.org/W2789420111","https://openalex.org/W6731661148"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2613864214","https://openalex.org/W1988590764","https://openalex.org/W3161144416","https://openalex.org/W4205770699","https://openalex.org/W2110050003","https://openalex.org/W2586096899","https://openalex.org/W1951348483","https://openalex.org/W2589468774","https://openalex.org/W2386253354","https://openalex.org/W2566716929"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"the":[1,27,31,37,46,52,60,64,72,81,88,91,106,109,122,126,129,146,149,154,159,166,170,175,178,182,186,194,198,201,207,213,218,233],"online":[2,21,99,220],"energy":[3,22,77,85,92,100,131,221,237],"optimization":[4,236],"problem":[5],"of":[6,30,34,42,63,83,87,108,125,140,158,185,196,212,232],"plug-in":[7],"hybrid":[8],"electric":[9],"vehicles":[10],"(P-HEVs),":[11],"this":[12,68],"paper":[13],"proposes":[14],"a":[15,43,113,162],"heuristic":[16],"dynamic":[17,40,61,156],"programming":[18],"(HDP)":[19],"based":[20],"management":[23,78,93,101,132,222,238],"strategy,":[24],"to":[25,58,74,120,145],"minimize":[26],"fuel":[28,208,226],"consumption":[29,86,209,227],"P-HEV.":[32,65,89],"First":[33],"all,":[35],"considering":[36],"uncertain":[38],"nonlinear":[39],"process":[41,157],"vehicle":[44,176],"in":[45,116],"actual":[47],"traffic":[48],"environment,":[49],"we":[50,70,111],"adopt":[51],"back":[53],"propagation":[54],"neural":[55],"network":[56,119],"(BPNN)":[57],"construct":[59],"model":[62,124,151],"Then,":[66],"on":[67,193],"basis,":[69],"utilize":[71],"HDP":[73],"establish":[75],"an":[76,98],"controller":[79,94],"with":[80,161,217],"aim":[82],"minimizing":[84],"Moreover,":[90],"is":[95,188,228],"implemented":[96],"by":[97,169,240],"strategy":[102,171,203,239],"algorithm.":[103],"To":[104],"verify":[105],"effect":[107],"controller,":[110],"employ":[112],"practical":[114],"route":[115],"Beijing":[117],"road":[118],"simulate":[121],"BPNN":[123,150],"P-HEV":[127,160,214],"and":[128,181,210],"proposed":[130,202],"strategy.":[133,142],"The":[134],"experimental":[135],"results":[136],"show":[137],"several":[138],"advantages":[139],"our":[141],"First,":[143],"compared":[144,216],"analytic":[147],"model,":[148],"can":[152,172,204],"reflect":[153],"real":[155],"higher":[163,189],"precision.":[164],"Second,":[165],"assigned":[167],"torques":[168],"effectively":[173],"make":[174],"track":[177],"desired":[179],"vehicle-speeds,":[180],"tracking":[183],"accuracy":[184],"vehicle-speed":[187],"than":[190,230],"98%.":[191],"Besides,":[192],"premise":[195],"ensuring":[197],"real-time":[199],"performance,":[200],"further":[205],"reduce":[206],"emissions":[211],"when":[215],"existing":[219],"strategies,":[223],"although":[224],"its":[225],"more":[229],"that":[231],"offline":[234],"global":[235],"4%":[241],"approximately.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-05-14T08:36:36.166977","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
