{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2792454748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2815518","title":"Hybrid Electric Vehicle Downshifting Strategy Based on Stochastic Dynamic Programming During Regenerative Braking Process","display_name":"Hybrid Electric Vehicle Downshifting Strategy Based on Stochastic Dynamic Programming During Regenerative Braking Process","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2792454748","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2815518","mag":"2792454748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2018.2815518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2815518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034573589","display_name":"Binhao Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binhao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8873"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4116-8873","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100369995","display_name":"Xiangyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1155-639X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033963494","display_name":"Shuo Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-9170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuo Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5410-9170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1864,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":109,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96937484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"67","issue":"6","first_page":"4716","last_page":"4727"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regenerative-brake","display_name":"Regenerative brake","score":0.6773701906204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.6233687996864319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-programming","display_name":"Dynamic programming","score":0.6149204969406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.6030922532081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5011165142059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state-of-charge","display_name":"State of charge","score":0.4908676743507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4886613190174103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.4458343982696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/torque","display_name":"Torque","score":0.4366541802883148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4345664978027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.4197603762149811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3925260305404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3874529004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3789655566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.29257476329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.12740761041641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brake","display_name":"Brake","score":0.10568228363990784}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162380856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580078","display_name":"Regenerative brake","level":3,"score":0.6773701906204224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.6233687996864319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37404715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380679","display_name":"Dynamic programming","level":2,"score":0.6149204969406128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.6030922532081604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5011165142059326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776582896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5368536","display_name":"State of charge","level":4,"score":0.4908676743507385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4886613190174103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.4458343982696533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144171764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48103","display_name":"Torque","level":2,"score":0.4366541802883148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4345664978027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.4197603762149811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3925260305404663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3874529004096985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3789655566215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.29257476329803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.12740761041641235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780999251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17022503","display_name":"Brake","level":2,"score":0.10568228363990784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2018.2815518","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2018.2815518","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3617505330","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0103502","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8481432286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB0103902","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W111233256","https://openalex.org/W1598942597","https://openalex.org/W1966740244","https://openalex.org/W1970019272","https://openalex.org/W1981590432","https://openalex.org/W1991617035","https://openalex.org/W2029490915","https://openalex.org/W2050532354","https://openalex.org/W2073209910","https://openalex.org/W2076802686","https://openalex.org/W2079017877","https://openalex.org/W2084708815","https://openalex.org/W2086519411","https://openalex.org/W2119867381","https://openalex.org/W2121373027","https://openalex.org/W2144240219","https://openalex.org/W2150151595","https://openalex.org/W2161160262","https://openalex.org/W2164553871","https://openalex.org/W2164815314","https://openalex.org/W2191585270","https://openalex.org/W2298052098","https://openalex.org/W2313672782","https://openalex.org/W2343287679","https://openalex.org/W2344239108","https://openalex.org/W2399589154","https://openalex.org/W2406673394","https://openalex.org/W2509806425","https://openalex.org/W2509980546","https://openalex.org/W2526510578","https://openalex.org/W2561145466","https://openalex.org/W2591130697","https://openalex.org/W2607207663","https://openalex.org/W2739512016","https://openalex.org/W2750254771","https://openalex.org/W2769912520","https://openalex.org/W2928511986","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6687460908","https://openalex.org/W6725963594","https://openalex.org/W6745845890"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2049765532","https://openalex.org/W2950489071","https://openalex.org/W2385191915","https://openalex.org/W2389675149","https://openalex.org/W2180986647","https://openalex.org/W2127995711","https://openalex.org/W4296426226","https://openalex.org/W2009545949","https://openalex.org/W2129858636","https://openalex.org/W2391748216"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Regenerative":[0],"braking":[1,104,162],"is":[2,28,43,118,129],"the":[3,99,102,133,146,157],"most":[4],"important":[5],"way":[6],"to":[7,32,45,52,97,131,144],"save":[8],"energy":[9,35,166],"for":[10,20,107,116],"hybrid":[11],"electric":[12,16],"vehicles":[13,17],"(HEVs)":[14],"and":[15,56,120,150,156,173],"(EVs).":[18],"Wherein,":[19],"HEVs/EVs":[21],"equipped":[22],"with":[23],"stepped":[24],"automatic":[25],"transmissions,":[26],"downshifting":[27,49,65,117,147,172],"an":[29],"effective":[30],"method":[31],"improve":[33],"recovery":[34],"by":[36,167],"adjusting":[37],"motor":[38],"work":[39],"points.":[40],"However,":[41],"it":[42],"difficult":[44],"design":[46],"a":[47,64,83,111],"proper":[48],"strategy":[50,66,169],"due":[51],"complicated":[53],"traffic":[54,88],"conditions":[55,75,135],"unknown":[57],"drivers\u2019":[58],"intention.":[59],"Therefore,":[60],"this":[61],"paper":[62],"proposes":[63],"using":[67,78],"cluster-based":[68],"stochastic":[69],"dynamic":[70],"programing":[71],"(SDP).":[72],"First,":[73],"driving":[74,134],"are":[76,95,142,153],"clustered":[77],"K-means":[79],"algorithm":[80],"based":[81,137],"on":[82,138],"large":[84],"quantity":[85],"of":[86,101],"urban":[87],"historical":[89],"data.":[90],"Then,":[91],"static":[92],"Markov":[93],"chains":[94],"built":[96],"describe":[98],"transition":[100],"future":[103],"torque":[105],"demand":[106],"each":[108],"cluster.":[109],"Next,":[110],"four-dimensional":[112],"SDP":[113,140],"optimization":[114],"problem":[115],"formulated":[119],"solved":[121],"through":[122],"Bellman":[123],"iteration.":[124],"Finally,":[125],"support":[126],"vector":[127],"machine":[128],"adopted":[130],"identify":[132],"online,":[136],"which":[139],"results":[141,158],"used":[143],"give":[145],"command.":[148],"Simulations":[149],"controller-in-loop":[151],"tests":[152],"carried":[154],"out,":[155],"show":[159],"that":[160],"regenerative":[161],"could":[163],"recover":[164],"more":[165],"SDP-based":[168],"than":[170],"no":[171],"rule-based":[174],"strategy.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}