{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2406843989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2572760","title":"A Scalable Performance\u2013Complexity Tradeoff for Constellation Randomization in Spatial Modulation","display_name":"A Scalable Performance\u2013Complexity Tradeoff for Constellation Randomization in Spatial Modulation","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-05-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2406843989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2572760","mag":"2406843989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2016.2572760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2572760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/396317/1/tvt-hanzo-2572760-proof_20_281_29.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030334551","display_name":"Christos Masouros","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8259-6615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christos Masouros","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091122305","display_name":"Lajos Hanzo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2636-5214"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lajos Hanzo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030334551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9295,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77718998,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"3","first_page":"2834","last_page":"2838"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.98089998960495,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10326","display_name":"Indoor and Outdoor Localization Technologies","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-gain","display_name":"Diversity gain","score":0.5721149444580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.5400359034538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmit-diversity","display_name":"Transmit diversity","score":0.5256739258766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constellation","display_name":"Constellation","score":0.5219782590866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5165221095085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.5108558535575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4725622534751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.4658568501472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/euclidean-distance","display_name":"Euclidean distance","score":0.46015623211860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximization","display_name":"Maximization","score":0.45318669080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diversity-combining","display_name":"Diversity combining","score":0.4361928105354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulation","display_name":"Modulation (music)","score":0.4228409230709076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.36089590191841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.30069443583488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.20314282178878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.1694057583808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09658390283584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08521836996078491}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164785522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5283966","display_name":"Diversity gain","level":4,"score":0.5721149444580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.5400359034538269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117218131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834664","display_name":"Transmit diversity","level":4,"score":0.5256739258766174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70352696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8928","display_name":"Constellation","level":2,"score":0.5219782590866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5165221095085144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5108558535575867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4725622534751892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.4658568501472473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120174047","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847073","display_name":"Euclidean distance","level":2,"score":0.46015623211860657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776330181","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18358244","display_name":"Maximization","level":2,"score":0.45318669080734253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136817519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947493","display_name":"Diversity combining","level":4,"score":0.4361928105354309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123079801","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750240","display_name":"Modulation (music)","level":2,"score":0.4228409230709076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.36089590191841125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.30069443583488464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.20314282178878784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.1694057583808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09658390283584595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08521836996078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2016.2572760","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2016.2572760","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:396317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2016.2572760>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/396317/1/tvt-hanzo-2572760-proof_20_281_29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:1550920","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1550920/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"   IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology , 66  (3)   pp. 2834-2838.   (2017)      ","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:396317","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2016.2572760>).","pdf_url":"https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/396317/1/tvt-hanzo-2572760-proof_20_281_29.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1295920165","display_name":"Large Scale Antenna Systems Made Practical: Advanced Signal Processing for Compact Deployments [LSAS-SP]","funder_award_id":"EP/M014150/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1934935867","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Engineering and Physical Sciences R","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4585092078","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M014150/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G999805108","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/M014150/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","funder_display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320005","display_name":"Royal Academy of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/0526snb40"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2406843989.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2406843989.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501753329","https://openalex.org/W1990308326","https://openalex.org/W1998074259","https://openalex.org/W2028222341","https://openalex.org/W2067605736","https://openalex.org/W2085239455","https://openalex.org/W2087893739","https://openalex.org/W2092364909","https://openalex.org/W2115052104","https://openalex.org/W2116399435","https://openalex.org/W2126072872","https://openalex.org/W2132033918","https://openalex.org/W2148754652","https://openalex.org/W2160975913","https://openalex.org/W2184105033","https://openalex.org/W2344192754","https://openalex.org/W2344699215","https://openalex.org/W2355914915","https://openalex.org/W2807852543","https://openalex.org/W4256217385","https://openalex.org/W6752233818"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130579182","https://openalex.org/W2129658024","https://openalex.org/W2050071319","https://openalex.org/W2122180319","https://openalex.org/W2028952373","https://openalex.org/W2051755938","https://openalex.org/W2187540118","https://openalex.org/W2113552644","https://openalex.org/W2158609028","https://openalex.org/W2030570981"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,144,150,185],"widely":[2],"recognized":[3],"that":[4,58,152,162],"traditional":[5],"single":[6],"radio":[7],"frequency":[8],"(RF)-chain-aided":[9],"spatial":[10],"modulation":[11],"(SM)":[12],"does":[13],"not":[14],"offer":[15],"any":[16],"transmit":[17,28,36,62,170,191],"diversity":[18,37,63,171,192],"gain.":[19],"As":[20],"a":[21,46,68,80,84,106,120,127,147,163,181,189],"remedy,":[22],"constellation":[23,55],"randomization":[24,56],"(CR),":[25],"relying":[26],"on":[27],"prescaling":[29],"(TPS),":[30],"has":[31],"been":[32],"shown":[33],"to":[34,49,90,118,133],"provide":[35],"for":[38,142,194],"single-RF-chain-aided":[39],"SM.":[40,197],"In":[41],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,104],"propose":[45,105],"low-complexity":[47],"approach":[48],"SM":[50,66,101],"with":[51,73,131],"the":[52,61,92,99,112,115,134,140,154,177,195],"aid":[53],"of":[54,65,86,111,137],"(SM-CR)":[57],"considerably":[59],"improves":[60],"gain":[64,193],"at":[67],"reduced":[69],"computational":[70],"burden":[71],"compared":[72],"conventional":[74,77],"SM-CR.":[75],"While":[76],"SM-CR":[78],"performs":[79],"full":[81,135],"search":[82,141],"among":[83],"set":[85,149],"candidate":[87],"TPS":[88,116,143,148],"factors":[89],"achieve":[91],"maximum":[93,113],"minimum":[94],"Euclidean":[95],"distance":[96],"(MED)":[97],"in":[98],"received":[100],"constellation,":[102],"here,":[103],"thresholding":[107],"approach,":[108],"where,":[109],"instead":[110],"MED,":[114],"aims":[117],"satisfy":[119],"specific":[121],"MED":[122,155,178],"threshold.":[123,156],"This":[124],"technique":[125],"offers":[126],"significant":[128,182],"complexity":[129,173,183],"reduction":[130,184],"respect":[132],"maximization":[136],"SM-CR,":[138],"since":[139],"terminated":[145],"once":[146],"found":[151],"satisfies":[153],"Our":[157],"analysis":[158],"and":[159,172],"results":[160],"demonstrate":[161],"scalable":[164],"tradeoff":[165],"can":[166],"be":[167],"achieved":[168],"between":[169],"by":[174],"appropriately":[175],"selecting":[176],"threshold,":[179],"where":[180],"attained,":[186],"while":[187],"achieving":[188],"beneficial":[190],"single-RF":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}