{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2007523487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2350498","title":"Analysis of Spectrum Efficiency and Energy Efficiency of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks with Intra-/Inter-RAT Offloading","display_name":"Analysis of Spectrum Efficiency and Energy Efficiency of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks with Intra-/Inter-RAT Offloading","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2007523487","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2350498","mag":"2007523487"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2350498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2350498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075623538","display_name":"Jaya Rao","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaya Rao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011776428","display_name":"Abraham O. Fapojuwo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2577-3416"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abraham Fapojuwo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7682,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91190699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"1"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11409","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Network Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heterogeneous-network","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","score":0.6496810913085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.6298206448554993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6231343746185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cellular-network","display_name":"Cellular network","score":0.6170816421508789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5525651574134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5217652916908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5116003155708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.5025913715362549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4612923860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.45334386825561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.45031288266181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.4395943880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21007674932479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.16123712062835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12513333559036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.11973854899406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.0913718044757843}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158207573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5747224","display_name":"Heterogeneous network","level":4,"score":0.6496810913085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.6298206448554993},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6231343746185303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.6170816421508789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5525651574134827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5217652916908264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5116003155708313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.5025913715362549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4612923860549927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.45334386825561523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.45031288266181946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.4395943880081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21007674932479858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.16123712062835693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12513333559036255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.11973854899406433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0913718044757843}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2350498","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2350498","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631335369","https://openalex.org/W783893065","https://openalex.org/W1487286752","https://openalex.org/W1575209714","https://openalex.org/W1581354102","https://openalex.org/W1994016165","https://openalex.org/W1997188340","https://openalex.org/W2005108639","https://openalex.org/W2006572541","https://openalex.org/W2013366448","https://openalex.org/W2016043591","https://openalex.org/W2037153888","https://openalex.org/W2050201442","https://openalex.org/W2056581292","https://openalex.org/W2057262989","https://openalex.org/W2063792093","https://openalex.org/W2069119628","https://openalex.org/W2079306054","https://openalex.org/W2090940188","https://openalex.org/W2098563066","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2115392882","https://openalex.org/W2118166339","https://openalex.org/W2119952207","https://openalex.org/W2133019626","https://openalex.org/W2136530738","https://openalex.org/W2142943005","https://openalex.org/W2146115135","https://openalex.org/W2150166076","https://openalex.org/W2154782861","https://openalex.org/W2164631123","https://openalex.org/W2171373667","https://openalex.org/W2296319761","https://openalex.org/W2797024182","https://openalex.org/W2952692026","https://openalex.org/W6634563473"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2786534237","https://openalex.org/W2149569983","https://openalex.org/W2303288554","https://openalex.org/W2583418925","https://openalex.org/W3125936868","https://openalex.org/W3033750547","https://openalex.org/W2029216794","https://openalex.org/W1989270073","https://openalex.org/W2980078855","https://openalex.org/W2982073957"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Offloading":[0],"the":[1,19,42,57,75,78,82,87,100,104,115,119,132,147,155,168,171,183,192,203,213,221,225,246,251,255,263,270],"users":[2],"from":[3,99,190],"capacity-strained":[4],"macrocells":[5],"in":[6,41,152,212],"a":[7,25,60,199,209],"cellular":[8,66],"network":[9,63,71,247],"to":[10,17,30,137,145,197,207,223,243],"small":[11],"cells":[12],"is":[13,28,96,111,141,167,180,195,232,241],"an":[14,52,175],"effective":[15],"strategy":[16,200],"support":[18],"increasing":[20],"mobile":[21],"data":[22],"traffic,":[23],"but":[24],"key":[26],"challenge":[27],"how":[29],"simultaneously":[31],"achieve":[32,208],"high":[33,237],"spectrum":[34],"efficiency":[35,39],"(SE)":[36],"and":[37,67,84,92,109,118,134,143,159,230,236,274],"energy":[38],"(EE)":[40],"heterogeneous":[43,62],"radio":[44],"access":[45],"technology":[46],"(RAT)":[47],"environment.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50,166],"develops":[51],"analytical":[53],"framework":[54],"for":[55,107],"studying":[56],"performance":[58,105,226,248],"of":[59,80,89,154,164,170],"two-RAT":[61],"(HetNet)":[64],"comprising":[65],"wireless":[68],"local":[69],"area":[70],"(WLAN)":[72],"RATs.":[73],"Using":[74],"developed":[76],"framework,":[77],"feasibility":[79],"enhancing":[81],"SE":[83,108,133,229],"EE":[85,110,135,231],"via":[86],"implementation":[88],"biased":[90],"intra-":[91],"inter-RAT":[93],"offloading":[94,275],"techniques":[95],"investigated.":[97],"Findings":[98],"analysis":[101],"reveal":[102],"that":[103,130,201],"gain":[106],"strongly":[112],"dependent":[113],"on":[114],"load":[116,205,238,257],"level":[117],"base":[120],"station":[121],"(BS)":[122],"power":[123],"consumption":[124],"attributes.":[125],"A":[126],"multiobjective":[127],"optimization":[128],"problem":[129],"maximizes":[131],"subject":[136],"quality-of-service":[138],"(QoS)":[139],"constraints":[140],"formulated":[142],"solved":[144],"give":[146],"Pareto-optimal":[148,185],"operational":[149],"regime":[150],"specified":[151],"terms":[153],"small-cell":[156,271],"BS":[157,272],"densities":[158],"biasing":[160,276],"factors.":[161,277],"The":[162,187],"novelty":[163],"this":[165],"quantification":[169],"SE-EE":[172,214,252],"tradeoff":[173,253],"as":[174,259,261],"opportunity":[176,193],"cost":[177,194],"measure,":[178],"which":[179],"defined":[181],"by":[182,249,267],"constrained":[184],"regime.":[186],"insight":[188],"gained":[189],"analyzing":[191],"used":[196],"formulate":[198],"exploits":[202],"varying":[204],"conditions":[206],"good":[210],"balance":[211],"tradeoff.":[215],"Numerical":[216],"results":[217],"show":[218],"that,":[219],"although":[220],"potential":[222],"reduce":[224],"gap":[227],"between":[228],"marginal":[233],"under":[234],"low":[235],"conditions,":[239],"it":[240],"feasible":[242],"significantly":[244],"improve":[245],"balancing":[250],"during":[254],"medium":[256],"condition,":[258],"well":[260],"satisfy":[262],"users'":[264],"QoS":[265],"requirements":[266],"optimally":[268],"adapting":[269],"density":[273]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
