{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2034084319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344036","title":"Quadrature Spatial Modulation","display_name":"Quadrature Spatial Modulation","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2034084319","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344036","mag":"2034084319"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2344036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066322563","display_name":"Raed Mesleh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raed Mesleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088692076","display_name":"Salama Ikki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72541430","display_name":"Lakehead University","ror":"https://ror.org/023p7mg82","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Salama S. Ikki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electr. Eng., Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Lakehead Univ., Thunder Bay, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72541430"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108207690","display_name":"Hadi M. Aggoune","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72264486","display_name":"University of Tabuk","ror":"https://ror.org/04yej8x59","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi M. Aggoune","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066322563"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72264486"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.0008,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":537,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99539426,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"6","first_page":"2738","last_page":"2742"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11458","display_name":"Advanced Wireless Communication Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11383","display_name":"Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9904999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairwise-error-probability","display_name":"Pairwise error probability","score":0.7793962955474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature","display_name":"Quadrature (astronomy)","score":0.5895968079566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-fading","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","score":0.5446861982345581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadrature-amplitude-modulation","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","score":0.5380638837814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.49492305517196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4934772253036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.49267488718032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4650493860244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronizing","display_name":"Synchronizing","score":0.46370938420295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-modulation","display_name":"Spatial modulation","score":0.45234882831573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.36478641629219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.36360275745391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3550475835800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.32398366928100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bit-error-rate","display_name":"Bit error rate","score":0.3087456226348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.2868654131889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15262266993522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.15070781111717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beamforming","display_name":"Beamforming","score":0.13827654719352722}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780839233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16000284","display_name":"Pairwise error probability","level":4,"score":0.7793962955474854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62869609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28137","display_name":"Quadrature (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.5895968079566956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56985126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854039","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","level":4,"score":0.5446861982345581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32409245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749753","display_name":"Quadrature amplitude modulation","level":4,"score":0.5380638837814331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.49492305517196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4934772253036499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.49267488718032837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4650493860244751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162932704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058791","display_name":"Synchronizing","level":3,"score":0.46370938420295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019745063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107304836","display_name":"Spatial modulation","level":4,"score":0.45234882831573486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.36478641629219055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.36360275745391846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3550475835800171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.32398366928100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56296756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840922","display_name":"Bit error rate","level":3,"score":0.3087456226348877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.2868654131889343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15262266993522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.15070781111717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54197355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5782992","display_name":"Beamforming","level":2,"score":0.13827654719352722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2344036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522045078","https://openalex.org/W1977332235","https://openalex.org/W1998074259","https://openalex.org/W1999552639","https://openalex.org/W2020679325","https://openalex.org/W2034717085","https://openalex.org/W2057117964","https://openalex.org/W2059428565","https://openalex.org/W2077070468","https://openalex.org/W2090619558","https://openalex.org/W2110494871","https://openalex.org/W2111311694","https://openalex.org/W2126734312","https://openalex.org/W2135142830","https://openalex.org/W2140690841","https://openalex.org/W2142978827","https://openalex.org/W2146206750","https://openalex.org/W2157961036","https://openalex.org/W2163504740","https://openalex.org/W2295559644","https://openalex.org/W2493309683","https://openalex.org/W2596635384","https://openalex.org/W2771142359","https://openalex.org/W2792494660","https://openalex.org/W2798333393","https://openalex.org/W3105827742","https://openalex.org/W4248676392","https://openalex.org/W4256217385","https://openalex.org/W6735075968","https://openalex.org/W6749334137"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2370409207","https://openalex.org/W2983368930","https://openalex.org/W4311461102","https://openalex.org/W2893616911","https://openalex.org/W2743966828","https://openalex.org/W2787594983","https://openalex.org/W2518783178","https://openalex.org/W3119873721","https://openalex.org/W2020573992","https://openalex.org/W2506359518"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,48],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,75,94,110],"new":[4],"multiple-input-multiple-output":[5],"(MIMO)":[6],"technique":[7,32],"called":[8],"quadrature":[9,54],"spatial":[10,27],"modulation":[11,26],"(QSM).":[12],"QSM":[13,86,140],"enhances":[14],"the":[15,35,39,43,67,71,79,99,126,129,134,138],"overall":[16],"throughput":[17],"of":[18,38,69,84,98,128,137],"conventional":[19],"SM":[20,31,40],"systems":[21],"by":[22],"using":[23],"an":[24],"extra":[25],"dimension.":[28],"The":[29],"current":[30],"uses":[33],"only":[34],"real":[36],"part":[37],"constellation,":[41],"and":[42,53,90,112,118,132],"proposed":[44,139],"method":[45],"in":[46],"this":[47,50],"extends":[49],"to":[51,92],"in-phase":[52],"dimensions.":[55],"It":[56],"is":[57,88,116],"shown":[58],"that":[59],"significant":[60,135],"performance":[61],"enhancements":[62,136],"can":[63],"be":[64],"achieved":[65],"at":[66],"expense":[68],"synchronizing":[70],"transmit":[72],"antennas.":[73],"Additionally,":[74],"closed-form":[76],"expression":[77,115],"for":[78],"pairwise":[80],"error":[81,102],"probability":[82,103],"(PEP)":[83],"generic":[85],"system":[87],"derived":[89,117],"used":[91],"calculate":[93],"tight":[95],"upper":[96],"bound":[97],"average":[100],"bit":[101],"(ABEP)":[104],"over":[105],"Rayleigh":[106],"fading":[107],"channels.":[108],"Moreover,":[109],"simple":[111],"general":[113],"asymptotic":[114],"analyzed.":[119],"Obtained":[120],"Monte":[121],"Carlo":[122],"simulation":[123],"results":[124],"corroborate":[125],"accuracy":[127],"conducted":[130],"analysis":[131],"show":[133],"scheme.":[141]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":57},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":75},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}