{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2087329791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344026","title":"Vehicle Occupant Head Position Quantification Using an Array of Capacitive Proximity Sensors","display_name":"Vehicle Occupant Head Position Quantification Using an Array of Capacitive Proximity Sensors","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2087329791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344026","mag":"2087329791"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2344026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067092108","display_name":"Nima Ziraknejad","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nima Ziraknejad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109983941","display_name":"Peter D. Lawrence","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter D. Lawrence","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of the Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085474276","display_name":"D.P. Romilly","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141945490","display_name":"University of British Columbia","ror":"https://ror.org/03rmrcq20","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Douglas P. Romilly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","[Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067092108"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141945490"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9674,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78204153,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"64","issue":"6","first_page":"2274","last_page":"2287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11487","display_name":"Automotive and Human Injury Biomechanics","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10370","display_name":"Traffic and Road Safety","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10525","display_name":"Human-Automation Interaction and Safety","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitive-sensing","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","score":0.7462036609649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head","display_name":"Head (geology)","score":0.5996019244194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position","display_name":"Position (finance)","score":0.56474369764328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/proximity-sensor","display_name":"Proximity sensor","score":0.47246265411376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/range","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","score":0.46426936984062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45986485481262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/position-sensor","display_name":"Position sensor","score":0.43924766778945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.43216472864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.4102626442909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16873076558113098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.086040198802948}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206755178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1131271","display_name":"Capacitive sensing","level":2,"score":0.7462036609649658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780312720","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5689100","display_name":"Head (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5996019244194031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198082294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3399648","display_name":"Position (finance)","level":2,"score":0.56474369764328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135403697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q796765","display_name":"Proximity sensor","level":2,"score":0.47246265411376953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.46426936984062195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45986485481262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29258643","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2937669","display_name":"Position sensor","level":3,"score":0.43924766778945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.43216472864151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.4102626442909241},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16873076558113098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.086040198802948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17281054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193466","display_name":"Rotor (electric)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2014.2344026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2344026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338081","display_name":"AUTO21 Network of Centres of Excellence","ror":"https://ror.org/02edexj13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75091288","https://openalex.org/W1522932042","https://openalex.org/W1525878913","https://openalex.org/W1560591317","https://openalex.org/W1584790872","https://openalex.org/W1591300912","https://openalex.org/W1801783402","https://openalex.org/W1856662891","https://openalex.org/W1968311941","https://openalex.org/W2018533205","https://openalex.org/W2023220113","https://openalex.org/W2025773402","https://openalex.org/W2052303315","https://openalex.org/W2100536644","https://openalex.org/W2104066809","https://openalex.org/W2119241320","https://openalex.org/W2133567427","https://openalex.org/W2133816434","https://openalex.org/W2134738818","https://openalex.org/W2139946109","https://openalex.org/W2142578527","https://openalex.org/W2145970879","https://openalex.org/W2148141107","https://openalex.org/W2151226872","https://openalex.org/W2152098532","https://openalex.org/W2159272736","https://openalex.org/W2161619546","https://openalex.org/W2164963101","https://openalex.org/W2166880842","https://openalex.org/W2491808789","https://openalex.org/W3107323053","https://openalex.org/W4250092671","https://openalex.org/W6638128685","https://openalex.org/W6657115575","https://openalex.org/W6684594794"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2099131335","https://openalex.org/W2730788465","https://openalex.org/W1495980901","https://openalex.org/W1529768372","https://openalex.org/W2539572086","https://openalex.org/W1989801241","https://openalex.org/W241455228","https://openalex.org/W3082546580","https://openalex.org/W2119638626","https://openalex.org/W2078091577"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Currently,":[0],"proper":[1],"vehicle":[2,213],"head":[3,67,89,180,226],"restraint":[4],"(HR)":[5],"positioning":[6,27,235],"requires":[7],"manual":[8,23,58],"adjustment":[9],"and":[10,32,48,104,112,117,142,150,202,221],"knowledge":[11],"on":[12,144],"the":[13,16,20,34,46,65,71,85,132,136,145,162,166,174,240,243],"part":[14,210],"of":[15,51,64,87,135,140,165,177,211,233,242],"occupant.":[17],"By":[18],"removing":[19],"requirement":[21],"for":[22,84,122,171,246],"adjustment,":[24],"an":[25,123,178,236],"HR":[26,35,72,208,237],"system":[28,218],"that":[29,223],"autonomously":[30,234],"moves":[31],"adapts":[33],"position":[36,68,90,176,227],"properly":[37],"to":[38,44,70,101,130,238],"any":[39],"seated":[40],"occupant":[41,88],"could":[42],"serve":[43],"reduce":[45,102],"social":[47],"personal":[49],"costs":[50],"whiplash":[52],"injuries,":[53],"as":[54,209],"compared":[55],"with":[56],"existing":[57],"systems.":[59],"To":[60,107],"achieve":[61,108],"this,":[62,109],"quantification":[63,91],"occupant's":[66,179],"relative":[69],"is":[73],"required.":[74],"In":[75],"a":[76,79,95,119,191,206,212,225],"previous":[77],"paper,":[78],"rectangular":[80],"capacitive":[81,154,197],"proximity-sensing":[82,155],"array":[83,156,198],"purpose":[86],"was":[92,98,128,157,187,199,219],"studied.":[93],"Here,":[94],"range-maximized":[96],"sensor":[97,126,146],"first":[99],"designed":[100],"electrostatic":[103],"environmental":[105],"disturbances.":[106],"numerical":[110],"modeling":[111],"laboratory":[113],"experiments":[114],"were":[115,147],"conducted,":[116],"then,":[118],"design":[120],"process":[121],"interdigitated":[124],"comb-shaped":[125,168],"geometry":[127],"proposed":[129],"maximize":[131],"sensing":[133,228],"range":[134],"sensor.":[137],"The":[138,195,217],"effects":[139],"temperature":[141],"humidity":[143],"also":[148],"evaluated":[149],"compensated.":[151],"A":[152],"novel":[153],"then":[158,200],"designed,":[159],"which":[160],"had":[161],"minimum":[163],"number":[164],"aforementioned":[167],"sensors":[169],"necessary":[170],"accurately":[172],"estimating":[173],"3-D":[175],"in":[181,205],"near":[182],"real":[183],"time.":[184],"This":[185],"estimation":[186],"carried":[188],"out":[189],"using":[190],"nonparametric":[192],"neural":[193],"network.":[194],"above":[196],"integrated":[201],"fully":[203],"contained":[204],"customized":[207],"seat":[214],"safety":[215],"system.":[216],"tested":[220],"demonstrated":[222],"such":[224],"methodology":[229],"would":[230],"be":[231],"capable":[232],"meet":[239],"guidelines":[241],"Insurance":[244],"Institute":[245],"Highway":[247],"Safety":[248],"(IIHS).":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}