{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2025381107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2284405","title":"Energy Consumption Analysis and Optimization of BER-Constrained Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks","display_name":"Energy Consumption Analysis and Optimization of BER-Constrained Amplify-and-Forward Relay Networks","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-10-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2025381107","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2284405","mag":"2025381107"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2013.2284405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2284405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035909356","display_name":"Omer Waqar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1787-7100"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142732210","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Lahore","ror":"https://ror.org/0051w2v06","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB","PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Omer Waqar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Al-Khawarizmi Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Al-Khawarizmi Institute of Computer Science, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100331811","display_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4743-9136"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Ali Imran","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068530392","display_name":"Mehrdad Dianati","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5119-4499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Dianati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032549075","display_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6062-8639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","display_name":"University of Surrey","ror":"https://ror.org/00ks66431","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahim Tafazolli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electronics and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electronics and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, U.K","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Center for Communication Systems Research, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035909356"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142732210","https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.0319,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96470048,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"63","issue":"3","first_page":"1256","last_page":"1269"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10796","display_name":"Cooperative Communication and Network Coding","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12791","display_name":"Full-Duplex Wireless Communications","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.8073997497558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6621185541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rayleigh-fading","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","score":0.643600583076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5391924381256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.5340729355812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4866079092025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4842202663421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4694727659225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-optimization","display_name":"Convex optimization","score":0.4434834420681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.3921467661857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.38987815380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.26096585392951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.19083386659622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18189245462417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.18121877312660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.12572303414344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11778572201728821}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.8073997497558594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6621185541152954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56985126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q854039","display_name":"Rayleigh fading","level":4,"score":0.643600583076477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5391924381256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.5340729355812073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4866079092025757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4842202663421631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4694727659225464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.4434834420681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.3921467661857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.38987815380096436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.26096585392951965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.19083386659622192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18189245462417603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.18121877312660217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.12572303414344788},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11778572201728821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvt.2013.2284405","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2013.2284405","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10936095","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","issn_l":"0018-9545","issn":["0018-9545","1939-9359"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:136177","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/view/author/37001.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epubs.surrey.ac.uk:805816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/805816/8/SRI_deposit_agreement.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400680","display_name":"Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28290843","host_organization_name":"University of Surrey","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28290843"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980310952","https://openalex.org/W2004867024","https://openalex.org/W2020650131","https://openalex.org/W2031802072","https://openalex.org/W2068728923","https://openalex.org/W2090499479","https://openalex.org/W2096640209","https://openalex.org/W2100447148","https://openalex.org/W2102224076","https://openalex.org/W2104602674","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2117014495","https://openalex.org/W2126438242","https://openalex.org/W2134790395","https://openalex.org/W2136285705","https://openalex.org/W2138660220","https://openalex.org/W2140516799","https://openalex.org/W2151192747","https://openalex.org/W2152481521","https://openalex.org/W2155826562","https://openalex.org/W2160373395","https://openalex.org/W2160998689","https://openalex.org/W2536766970","https://openalex.org/W3101086451","https://openalex.org/W4255600897"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2101999641","https://openalex.org/W2116044594","https://openalex.org/W2795180473","https://openalex.org/W1503152075","https://openalex.org/W301676527","https://openalex.org/W2090373650","https://openalex.org/W2052600062","https://openalex.org/W2124541664","https://openalex.org/W2383416193","https://openalex.org/W289296924"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,44,143,153,190],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,46,145],"first":[4,146],"develop":[5],"an":[6,15,28,109],"analytical":[7],"framework":[8],"for":[9,114,189,243,247],"the":[10,36,49,70,73,77,82,85,88,115,122,130,134,139,148,168,198,203,209,216,221,262],"total":[11,210],"energy":[12,60,78,90,124,211,234,257],"consumption":[13,99,212],"of":[14,72,112,133,136,172,223],"amplify-and-forward":[16],"(AF)":[17],"multihop":[18,117,200],"network":[19,56,119,201],"employing":[20],"M-ary":[21],"quadrature":[22],"amplitude":[23],"modulation":[24],"(MQAM)":[25],"while":[26],"satisfying":[27],"average":[29],"bit":[30],"error":[31],"rate":[32],"(BER)":[33],"requirement":[34],"at":[35,220],"destination":[37],"over":[38,167,261],"Rayleigh":[39],"fading":[40],"channels.":[41],"Based":[42],"on":[43,87],"framework,":[45],"then":[47],"establish":[48],"conditions":[50],"under":[51],"which":[52],"a":[53,65,96,158],"dual-hop":[54],"relay":[55,83,118],"is":[57,92,101,104,127,155,187,194],"always":[58],"more":[59,224],"efficient":[61],"when":[62],"compared":[63],"with":[64],"reference":[66],"single-hop":[67,264],"network.":[68],"Moreover,":[69],"impact":[71],"relay's":[74],"location":[75],"and":[76,84,120,138,151,252],"resource":[79],"allocation":[80],"between":[81],"source":[86],"possible":[89,237],"savings":[91,235,258],"also":[93,195],"analyzed.":[94],"Since":[95],"realistic":[97],"power":[98],"model":[100],"considered,":[102],"it":[103],"shown":[105],"that":[106,121,182,197,232],"there":[107],"exists":[108],"optimal":[110,180],"number":[111,135],"relays":[113,137],"linear":[116],"maximum":[123],"efficiency":[125],"(EE)":[126],"obtained":[128],"through":[129,238],"joint":[131,239],"optimization":[132,149,240],"constellation":[140],"size.":[141],"Considering":[142],"fact,":[144],"formulate":[147],"problem,":[150],"then,":[152],"problem":[154],"transformed":[156],"into":[157],"convex":[159],"form":[160],"by":[161],"relaxing":[162],"constraints":[163],"to":[164,207,214,254],"be":[165],"defined":[166],"real":[169],"numbers":[170],"(instead":[171],"taking":[173],"only":[174,184,206,242],"discrete":[175],"values).":[176],"The":[177],"new":[178],"closed-form":[179],"solution":[181],"involves":[183],"elementary":[185],"functions":[186],"derived":[188],"relaxed":[191],"problem.":[192],"It":[193],"demonstrated":[196],"optimized":[199,263],"has":[202],"potential":[204],"not":[205,241],"reduce":[208],"but":[213,246],"satisfy":[215],"peak-power":[217],"constraint":[218],"simultaneously":[219],"expense":[222],"delay":[225],"as":[226,250],"well.":[227],"Finally,":[228],"our":[229],"analysis":[230],"shows":[231],"significant":[233],"are":[236,259],"delay-tolerant":[244],"networks":[245,249],"delay-limited":[248],"well,":[251],"up":[253],"about":[255],"55%":[256],"achievable":[260],"system.":[265]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
