{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7128988301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3660636","title":"A Fractional-N PLL for Low-Power GNSS Achieving 0.72-ppm/\u00b0C Frequency Stability and 0.3-dBc/Hz Phase Noise Variation From \u221240 \u00b0C to 125 \u00b0C","display_name":"A Fractional-N PLL for Low-Power GNSS Achieving 0.72-ppm/\u00b0C Frequency Stability and 0.3-dBc/Hz Phase Noise Variation From \u221240 \u00b0C to 125 \u00b0C","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7128988301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3660636"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3660636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3660636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126076242","display_name":"Yue Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yue Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5001-9370","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103364715","display_name":"Yeqi Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yeqi Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126120318","display_name":"Chunming Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunming Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-5580-0286","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032717373","display_name":"Haodong Lu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haodong Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-4481-7395","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022054440","display_name":"Yibo Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6572-6676"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yunshi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069764616","display_name":"Haobo Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6584-2337"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haobo Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6584-2337","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083753951","display_name":"Ziting Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2851-6244"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ziting Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-2851-6244","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079847235","display_name":"Xinbing Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2924-0934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinbing Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2924-0934","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jiayu He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0556-4884"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I17145004","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiayu He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0556-4884","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I17145004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5126143598","display_name":"Xufeng Du","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210146919","display_name":"Shanghai Industrial Technology Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03j1pdd39","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210146919"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xufeng Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["ICOE (Shanghai) Technology, Shanghai, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7537-6083","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ICOE (Shanghai) Technology, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210146919"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.18842289,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"1166","last_page":"1178"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.010499999858438969,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":0.0020000000949949026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.8813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pll-multibit","display_name":"PLL multibit","score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gnss-applications","display_name":"GNSS applications","score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/compensation","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-drift","display_name":"Frequency drift","score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/offset","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.41589999198913574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.8813999891281128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77881186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7119642","display_name":"PLL multibit","level":4,"score":0.6201000213623047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14279187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5514012","display_name":"GNSS applications","level":3,"score":0.5927000045776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.5641999840736389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780023022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1338171","display_name":"Compensation (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5340999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.52920001745224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122348159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502869","display_name":"Frequency drift","level":4,"score":0.4952000081539154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175291020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1156822","display_name":"Offset (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.43849998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.41670000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.41589999198913574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.39879998564720154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39089998602867126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.38089999556541443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.3637000024318695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72293138","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q909741","display_name":"Temperature measurement","level":2,"score":0.3614000082015991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.35010001063346863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16643434","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898642","display_name":"Temperature coefficient","level":2,"score":0.3416000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182099602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660678","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","level":4,"score":0.34150001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49319798","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5502874","display_name":"Frequency offset","level":4,"score":0.337799996137619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2793000042438507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36301306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179435","display_name":"Satellite navigation","level":3,"score":0.2754000127315521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C536315585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7698332","display_name":"Temperature control","level":2,"score":0.26759999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.26660001277923584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.2551000118255615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110086884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase detector","level":3,"score":0.251800000667572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3660636","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3660636","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8775915503501892}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3127552581","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"G2025KY06236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Driven":[0],"by":[1],"the":[2,58,67,71,101,136,151],"stringent":[3],"demands":[4],"of":[5,7,66,117,146],"Internet":[6],"Things":[8],"(IoT)":[9],"applications,":[10],"extended":[11],"battery":[12],"life":[13],"and":[14,25,42,62,80,162],"robust":[15],"temperature":[16,38,64,87,115,143],"stability":[17],"have":[18],"become":[19],"key":[20],"design":[21],"metrics":[22],"for":[23,40],"navigation":[24,41],"positioning":[26,43],"chips.":[27],"This":[28],"article":[29],"presents":[30],"a":[31,49,85,91,107,114,159,166],"low-power":[32,75],"fractional-N":[33],"phase-locked":[34],"loop":[35],"(PLL)":[36],"with":[37],"compensation":[39],"applications.":[44],"The":[45],"proposed":[46,68,137],"PLL":[47,72,102,138],"integrates":[48],"temperature-adaptive":[50],"dual-loop":[51,69],"Class-C":[52],"voltage-controlled":[53],"oscillator":[54],"(VCO).":[55],"Benefiting":[56],"from":[57,106],"high":[59],"current":[60],"efficiency":[61],"reduced":[63],"sensitivity":[65],"VCO,":[70],"simultaneously":[73],"achieves":[74,139],"consumption,":[76],"stable":[77],"frequency":[78,142],"generation,":[79],"low-phase":[81],"noise":[82],"(PN)":[83],"over":[84,113],"wide":[86],"range.":[88],"Fabricated":[89],"in":[90],"0.13-<inline-formula":[92],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[93,119,128],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[94,120,129],"<tex-math":[95,121,130],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu":[96],"$</tex-math>":[97],"</inline-formula>m":[98],"CMOS":[99],"process,":[100],"consumes":[103],"5.6":[104],"mW":[105],"1.2":[108],"V":[109],"supply.":[110],"Measurement":[111],"results":[112],"range":[116],"<inline-formula":[118,127],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$-":[122],"40~^{\\circ":[123],"}$</tex-math>":[124,132],"</inline-formula>C":[125,133],"to":[126],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$125~^{\\circ":[131],"demonstrate":[134],"that":[135],"an":[140],"average":[141],"coefficient":[144],"(TC)":[145],"0.72":[147],"ppm/\u00b0C.":[148],"In":[149],"addition,":[150],"PN":[152],"variation":[153],"remains":[154],"below":[155],"0.3":[156],"dBc/Hz":[157,164],"at":[158,165],"100-kHz":[160],"offset":[161],"0.8":[163],"1-MHz":[167],"offset.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-17T00:00:00"}
