{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7130565531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3658251","title":"LOgIQ: Log-Domain Optimization for Hardware-Efficient Inference and Quantization of Transformers","display_name":"LOgIQ: Log-Domain Optimization for Hardware-Efficient Inference and Quantization of Transformers","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7130565531","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3658251"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3658251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3658251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122977573","display_name":"Tanzeel-ur-Rehman Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanzeel-ur-Rehman Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, USU BRIDGE Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1310-3027","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, USU BRIDGE Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068885938","display_name":"Sanghamitra Roy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-1612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sanghamitra Roy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, USU BRIDGE Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3927-1612","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, USU BRIDGE Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101594477","display_name":"Koushik Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-2737"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121980950","display_name":"Utah State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00h6set76","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Koushik Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, USU BRIDGE Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0228-2737","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, USU BRIDGE Laboratory, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121980950"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.16896037,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"4","first_page":"1206","last_page":"1216"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.4580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.4580000042915344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.1264999955892563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.1256999969482422,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.803600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/datapath","display_name":"Datapath","score":0.7272999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.6366999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5418999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lookup-table","display_name":"Lookup table","score":0.37450000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.803600013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781198647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1633673","display_name":"Datapath","level":2,"score":0.7272999882698059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6588000059127808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.6366999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.6118999719619751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5702999830245972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5418999791145325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4950999915599823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134835016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690265","display_name":"Lookup table","level":2,"score":0.37450000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.3578000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169822122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q230187","display_name":"Crosstalk","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.3084999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157922185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173198","display_name":"Logic synthesis","level":3,"score":0.27459999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199833920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q612536","display_name":"Vector quantization","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164155591","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2067766","display_name":"Satisfiability modulo theories","level":2,"score":0.26080000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2513999938964844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.25099998712539673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.25}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3658251","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2026.3658251","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3111354018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2106237","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantization":[0],"enables":[1],"efficient":[2],"large":[3],"language":[4],"model":[5],"(LLM)":[6],"inference":[7],"by":[8,134,145],"reducing":[9],"memory":[10],"and":[11,34,39,76,111,120,142],"computation":[12],"cost,":[13],"but":[14],"most":[15],"existing":[16],"methods":[17],"sacrifice":[18],"hardware":[19,200],"simplicity":[20],"through":[21],"floating-point":[22],"fallback,":[23],"dequantization":[24],"logic,":[25],"or":[26,82],"metadata":[27],"routing.":[28],"These":[29],"overheads":[30],"disrupt":[31],"datapath":[32,87],"regularity":[33],"limit":[35],"gains":[36],"in":[37,42,57,180],"timing":[38],"area,":[40],"especially":[41],"multiply-accumulate":[43],"(MAC)-heavy":[44],"transformer":[45],"layers.":[46],"We":[47,98],"propose":[48],"LogiMAC,":[49],"a":[50],"hardware-aligned":[51],"quantization":[52,195],"scheme":[53],"that":[54,125,192],"encodes":[55],"weights":[56],"the":[58,70,176],"log":[59],"domain":[60],"using":[61],"shift-based":[62],"arithmetic.":[63],"LogiMAC":[64,100,131,167],"embeds":[65],"all":[66],"decoding":[67],"logic":[68],"within":[69,170],"MAC":[71],"unit,":[72],"eliminates":[73],"runtime":[74],"scaling,":[75],"supports":[77,88],"sublevel":[78],"refinement":[79],"without":[80],"multipliers":[81],"look-up":[83],"tables.":[84],"The":[85],"resulting":[86],"both":[89],"shift":[90],"directions":[91],"with":[92,198],"optional":[93],"gating":[94],"for":[95],"unused":[96],"paths.":[97],"evaluate":[99],"across":[101],"seven":[102],"modern":[103],"LLMs":[104],"(ranging":[105],"from":[106],"2B":[107],"to":[108,114,157],"8B":[109],"parameters)":[110],"compare":[112],"it":[113],"strong":[115],"baselines":[116],"including":[117],"SmoothQuant,":[118],"GOBO,":[119],"SpinQuant.":[121],"Our":[122],"results":[123],"show":[124],"while":[126],"functional":[127],"accuracy":[128],"remains":[129],"competitive,":[130],"reduces":[132],"area":[133],"<inline-formula":[135,146],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[136,147,173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[137,148],"<tex-math":[138,149],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.8\\times":[139],"$</tex-math>":[140,151],"</inline-formula>":[141,152],"dynamic":[143],"power":[144],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$5.9\\times":[150],"(in":[153],"power-gated":[154],"mode)":[155],"compared":[156],"standard":[158],"integer":[159],"baselines.":[160],"Timing":[161],"analysis":[162],"reveals":[163],"over":[164,184],"50%":[165],"of":[166,175],"paths":[168],"complete":[169],"just":[171],"<bold":[172],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">12%</b>":[174],"normalized":[177],"delay":[178],"seen":[179],"other":[181],"schemes.":[182],"Validated":[183],"34":[185],"million":[186],"generated":[187],"tokens,":[188],"our":[189],"findings":[190],"demonstrate":[191],"accurate":[193],"low-bit":[194],"can":[196],"coexist":[197],"extreme":[199],"efficiency.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-02-20T00:00:00"}
