{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7106003898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2025.3632791","title":"A 95.3% 12-Class, 108-nJ/Inference Keyword Spotting Chip With Hybrid FFT-BFNet Architecture and Exponent-Aware Nonuniform Quantization in 65-nm CMOS","display_name":"A 95.3% 12-Class, 108-nJ/Inference Keyword Spotting Chip With Hybrid FFT-BFNet Architecture and Exponent-Aware Nonuniform Quantization in 65-nm CMOS","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7106003898","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2025.3632791"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2025.3632791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2025.3632791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zongpei Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0166-4104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zongpei Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kaixiang Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6738-651X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaixiang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xiaojin Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9965-3516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojin Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Lei Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7857-4931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lei Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Wenbin Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6978-813X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenbin Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59309775,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"568","last_page":"578"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.37860000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.37860000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10901","display_name":"Advanced Data Compression Techniques","score":0.2831999957561493,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10201","display_name":"Speech Recognition and Synthesis","score":0.04910000041127205,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantization","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","score":0.6718999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pointwise","display_name":"Pointwise","score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.48739999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fast-fourier-transform","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.3718000054359436}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7842000126838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28855332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198099","display_name":"Quantization (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.6718999743461609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777984123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9248237","display_name":"Pointwise","level":2,"score":0.4884999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.48739999532699585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.48010000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75172450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623950","display_name":"Fast Fourier transform","level":2,"score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4178999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3776000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3774999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.3718000054359436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.34880000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.3456000089645386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.34209999442100525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.32739999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3239000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206588197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846574","display_name":"Reuse","level":2,"score":0.3222000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.3151000142097473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.31040000915527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.3093999922275543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507366226","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42378","display_name":"USB","level":3,"score":0.3061000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781213101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398558","display_name":"Keyword spotting","level":2,"score":0.2904999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104250799","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780765","display_name":"Companding","level":4,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110384440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143270","display_name":"Upsampling","level":3,"score":0.2806999981403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.27720001339912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.2750000059604645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118021083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q610398","display_name":"System on a chip","level":2,"score":0.2702000141143799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.2653999924659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2221639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2877","display_name":"Discrete cosine transform","level":3,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.26010000705718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.25850000977516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57733114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1006032","display_name":"Discrete Fourier transform (general)","level":5,"score":0.2547999918460846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48145219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1335365","display_name":"Security token","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.25040000677108765}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2025.3632791","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2025.3632791","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1014572241","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023ZDZX1018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","funder_display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8966369197","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JCYJ20240813141306010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329836","funder_display_name":"Chuzhou Science and Technology Program"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326279","display_name":"Department of Education of Guangdong Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320329836","display_name":"Chuzhou Science and Technology Program","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2898867055","https://openalex.org/W2899441512","https://openalex.org/W3005319366","https://openalex.org/W3032636897","https://openalex.org/W3094272606","https://openalex.org/W3096125705","https://openalex.org/W3135783778","https://openalex.org/W3137147200","https://openalex.org/W3160224578","https://openalex.org/W3179259833","https://openalex.org/W3185837134","https://openalex.org/W3201079535","https://openalex.org/W3203562174","https://openalex.org/W3212935296","https://openalex.org/W4210849193","https://openalex.org/W4226067359","https://openalex.org/W4289597973","https://openalex.org/W4295832158","https://openalex.org/W4317553465","https://openalex.org/W4321483868","https://openalex.org/W4360606511","https://openalex.org/W4376134003","https://openalex.org/W4382365532","https://openalex.org/W4384161931","https://openalex.org/W4390017899","https://openalex.org/W4392746548","https://openalex.org/W4392746550","https://openalex.org/W4405812160","https://openalex.org/W4408048030"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"article":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,79],"65-nm":[4],"keyword":[5],"spotting":[6],"(KWS)":[7],"chip":[8],"that":[9],"achieves":[10],"95.3%":[11],"accuracy":[12,87],"on":[13],"12-class":[14],"tasks":[15],"with":[16,42,93,161],"108.04-nJ/inference":[17],"efficiency":[18,156],"through":[19,109],"cross-domain":[20],"hardware-algorithm":[21],"innovations.":[22],"The":[23],"unified":[24],"fast":[25],"Fourier":[26],"transform":[27],"(FFT)-butterfly-structured":[28],"neural":[29,120],"network":[30,121],"(BFNet)":[31],"accelerator":[32],"fundamentally":[33],"rethinks":[34],"computational":[35],"reuse:":[36],"by":[37],"replacing":[38],"dense":[39],"pointwise":[40],"convolutions":[41],"butterfly-based":[43],"sparse":[44],"operations":[45,60],"mirroring":[46],"FFT\u2019s":[47],"dataflow,":[48],"it":[49],"slashes":[50],"<inline-formula":[51,141],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[52,133,142,148],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[53,134,143,149],"<tex-math":[54,135,144,150],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$6.3\\times":[55],"$</tex-math>":[56,146,152],"</inline-formula>":[57,138,153],"multiply-accumulate":[58],"(MAC)":[59],"and":[61,113],"halves":[62],"parameter":[63],"counts":[64],"while":[65,84],"preserving":[66],"model":[67],"expressivity.":[68],"A":[69],"6-bit":[70],"exponent-aware":[71],"nonuniform":[72],"quantization":[73],"(EANUQ)":[74],"scheme":[75],"compresses":[76],"weights,":[77],"achieving":[78],"25%":[80],"reduction":[81],"in":[82],"storage":[83],"maintaining":[85],"an":[86],"loss":[88],"of":[89],"less":[90],"than":[91,157],"0.01%":[92],"lightweight":[94],"on-chip":[95],"decoders.":[96],"Hardware":[97],"resource":[98],"sharing":[99],"extends":[100],"beyond":[101],"computation:":[102],"Mel-filter-banks":[103],"reuse":[104],"fully-connected":[105],"(FC)":[106],"layer":[107],"multipliers":[108],"decomposed":[110],"8-bit":[111],"arithmetic,":[112],"FFT":[114],"output":[115],"buffers":[116],"double":[117],"as":[118],"convolutional":[119],"(CNN)":[122],"feature":[123],"map":[124],"memory.":[125],"Measured":[126],"at":[127],"0.65":[128],"V/600":[129],"kHz,":[130],"the":[131],"0.58-<inline-formula":[132],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\text":[136],"{mm}^{2}$</tex-math>":[137],"core":[139],"demonstrates":[140],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1.9\\times":[145],"</inline-formula>\u2013<inline-formula":[147],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$15.5\\times":[151],"better":[154],"energy":[155],"prior":[158],"65/28-nm":[159],"implementations,":[160],"14.82-ms":[162],"end-to-end":[163],"latency.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-11-19T00:00:00"}
