{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405269787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3510541","title":"A Scalable and Efficient Architecture for Binary Polynomial Multiplication in BIKE Utilizing Inter-/Inner-Wise Sparsity and Block-by-Block Pipeline","display_name":"A Scalable and Efficient Architecture for Binary Polynomial Multiplication in BIKE Utilizing Inter-/Inner-Wise Sparsity and Block-by-Block Pipeline","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405269787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3510541"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3510541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3510541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042282822","display_name":"Jia Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-1744-3667"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jia Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jianfei Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0132-3319"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianfei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0132-3319","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046312537","display_name":"Yishuo Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3402-6386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yishuo Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073626581","display_name":"Fahong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8613-5323"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100728012","display_name":"Yang Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3619-7936"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134428","display_name":"Chinese People's Armed Police Force Engineering University","ror":"https://ror.org/031jzbb03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Cryptography Engineering, Engineering University of People&#x2019;s Armed Police, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3619-7936","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Cryptography Engineering, Engineering University of People&#x2019;s Armed Police, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134428"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100719382","display_name":"Chen Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-7670"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87445476","display_name":"Xi'an Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/017zhmm22","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8221-7670","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Xi&#x2019;an Jiaotong University, Xi&#x2019;an, Shaanxi, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5042282822"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87445476"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.19726891,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"5","first_page":"1457","last_page":"1461"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9779999852180481,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.8328355550765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7900368571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6771867871284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6697378754615784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.6488362550735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.5916688442230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5573891401290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.47142523527145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.4546320140361786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.39447474479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.35190504789352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.34242120385169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.319164514541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinatorics","display_name":"Combinatorics","score":0.14967480301856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0684252381324768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.06399473547935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.05375558137893677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.8328355550765991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7900368571281433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6771867871284485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6697378754615784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.6488362550735474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.5916688442230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5573891401290894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.47142523527145386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.4546320140361786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.39447474479675293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.35190504789352417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34242120385169983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.319164514541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.14967480301856995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0684252381324768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.06399473547935486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.05375558137893677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3510541","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3510541","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3256265902","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2023YFB4403500","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":10,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W3001992445","https://openalex.org/W3003963699","https://openalex.org/W3161871854","https://openalex.org/W3202780256","https://openalex.org/W4285065239","https://openalex.org/W4324116664","https://openalex.org/W4385756739","https://openalex.org/W4391164410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3093936885","https://openalex.org/W2994146737","https://openalex.org/W295308437","https://openalex.org/W2992046671","https://openalex.org/W2057797376","https://openalex.org/W2090319426","https://openalex.org/W4236853365","https://openalex.org/W2506252583","https://openalex.org/W2048249848","https://openalex.org/W4396915211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"binary":[1],"polynomial":[2],"multiplication":[3],"(BPM)":[4],"implementations":[5],"are":[6],"crucial":[7],"for":[8,83],"the":[9,112],"practical":[10],"deployment":[11],"of":[12,123],"bit":[13],"flipping":[14],"key":[15],"encapsulation":[16],"(BIKE)":[17],"postquantum":[18],"cryptography":[19],"(PQC)":[20],"due":[21],"to":[22,60,88],"its":[23],"computation-intensive":[24],"nature.":[25],"To":[26],"speed":[27],"up":[28],"BPM,":[29],"this":[30],"brief":[31],"proposes":[32],"a":[33,42,70,77],"scalable":[34,71],"and":[35,53,56,160],"efficient":[36],"architecture.":[37],"The":[38],"proposed":[39,113],"architecture":[40],"employs":[41],"novel":[43],"blockwise":[44],"sparsity":[45,59],"algorithm,":[46],"which":[47],"segments":[48],"sparse":[49,84],"polynomials":[50],"into":[51],"blocks":[52],"leverages":[54],"interblock":[55],"inner":[57],"block":[58],"eliminate":[61],"invalid":[62],"computations,":[63],"thereby":[64],"significantly":[65],"reducing":[66],"computational":[67],"operations.":[68],"Moreover,":[69],"block-by-block":[72],"pipeline":[73],"structure,":[74],"along":[75],"with":[76,116,173],"multibank":[78],"random":[79],"access":[80],"memory":[81],"(RAM)":[82],"polynomials,":[85],"is":[86],"designed":[87],"effectively":[89],"process":[90],"blocks,":[91],"resulting":[92],"in":[93,96,189],"substantial":[94],"enhancement":[95],"performance.":[97],"Experimental":[98],"results":[99],"on":[100,111],"Xilinx":[101],"Artix-7":[102],"Field-Programmable":[103],"Gate":[104],"Arrays":[105],"(FPGAs)":[106],"demonstrate":[107],"significant":[108],"performance":[109],"superiority":[110],"architecture,":[114],"compared":[115],"existing":[117],"approaches.":[118],"Across":[119],"different":[120],"bandwidth":[121],"settings":[122],"16,":[124],"32,":[125],"64,":[126],"or":[127],"128,":[128],"our":[129,176],"design":[130,177],"can":[131],"achieve":[132],"<inline-formula":[133,142,151,161,179],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[134,143,152,162,180],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[135,144,153,163,181],"<tex-math":[136,145,154,164,182],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4.5\\times":[137],"\\sim":[138,147,156,166,184],"35.1\\times":[139],"$":[140,149,158,168,186],"</tex-math></inline-formula>,":[141,150,159],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$4.9\\times":[146],"78.8\\times":[148],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2.5\\times":[155],"112.7\\times":[157],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$0.5\\times":[165],"164.2\\times":[167],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[169,187],"speedup,":[170],"respectively.":[171],"Compared":[172],"state-of-the-art":[174],"works,":[175],"achieves":[178],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$2.8\\times":[183],"152.0\\times":[185],"improvements":[188],"area":[190],"efficiency.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-27T23:08:20.325037","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}