{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404520522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","title":"A 22-nm All-Digital Time-Domain Neural Network Accelerator for Precision In-Sensor Processing","display_name":"A 22-nm All-Digital Time-Domain Neural Network Accelerator for Precision In-Sensor Processing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404520522","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054298119","display_name":"Ahmed M. Mohey","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3239-6471"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Mohey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3239-6471","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098821242","display_name":"Jelin Leslin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-6192"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jelin Leslin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6963-6192","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gaurav Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7801-4721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaurav Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7801-4721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067233481","display_name":"Marko Kosunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2723-1859"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marko Kosunen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2723-1859","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002785746","display_name":"Jussi Ryyn\u00e4nen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-092X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jussi Ryyn\u00e4nen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-092X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087728544","display_name":"Martin Andraud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-1054"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","display_name":"Aalto University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hwjq30","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Andraud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8314,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74313152,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"12","first_page":"2220","last_page":"2231"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12564","display_name":"Sensor Technology and Measurement Systems","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12153","display_name":"Advanced Optical Sensing Technologies","score":0.9686999917030334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3105","display_name":"Instrumentation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10369","display_name":"Advanced MEMS and NEMS Technologies","score":0.9587000012397766,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.5991746187210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5919561386108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5644677877426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4783760607242584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.43670883774757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.37497687339782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.36741501092910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.33081525564193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29613059759140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.18457305431365967}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.5991746187210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5919561386108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5644677877426147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4783760607242584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.43670883774757385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.37497687339782715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.36741501092910767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.33081525564193726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29613059759140015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.18457305431365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aaltodoc.aalto.fi:123456789/132112","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.aalto.fi/en/publications/aadbc869-6aa0-4bac-b5b0-029e105dbf66","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401662","display_name":"Aaltodoc (Aalto University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I9927081","host_organization_name":"Aalto University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9927081"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"A1 Alkuper\u00e4isartikkeli tieteellisess\u00e4 aikakauslehdess\u00e4"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dial.uclouvain.be:boreal:293814","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/293814","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401902","display_name":"Digital Access to Libraries (Universit\u00e9 catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Universit\u00e9 de Namur (UNamur) and the Universit\u00e9 Saint-Louis (USL-B))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I95674353","host_organization_name":"UCLouvain","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95674353"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, , p. 1-0 (2024)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3496090","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7300000190734863,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096434843","https://openalex.org/W2125010820","https://openalex.org/W2134713152","https://openalex.org/W2725092576","https://openalex.org/W2921622930","https://openalex.org/W2963159071","https://openalex.org/W2980092400","https://openalex.org/W2981240739","https://openalex.org/W3081079418","https://openalex.org/W3120016950","https://openalex.org/W3158277821","https://openalex.org/W3184152611","https://openalex.org/W4213129473","https://openalex.org/W4280635485","https://openalex.org/W4285222235","https://openalex.org/W4292722085","https://openalex.org/W4292874289","https://openalex.org/W4313639541","https://openalex.org/W4362510878","https://openalex.org/W4366957274","https://openalex.org/W4382813647","https://openalex.org/W4388405339","https://openalex.org/W4388692096","https://openalex.org/W4389230749","https://openalex.org/W6605479355","https://openalex.org/W6657323074","https://openalex.org/W6677580257","https://openalex.org/W6853361886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2390348052","https://openalex.org/W2065566231","https://openalex.org/W2390600871","https://openalex.org/W2363399630","https://openalex.org/W2148867666","https://openalex.org/W2074772664","https://openalex.org/W2147481850","https://openalex.org/W2387078853","https://openalex.org/W2374455716","https://openalex.org/W2363990172"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1],"network":[2],"(DNN)":[3],"accelerators":[4,38,68],"are":[5,69],"increasingly":[6],"integrated":[7],"into":[8],"sensing":[9],"applications,":[10],"such":[11,122],"as":[12,123],"wearables":[13],"and":[14,27,33,64,94,114,125,151,174,201],"sensor":[15],"networks,":[16],"to":[17,98,158,187,198,210],"provide":[18],"advanced":[19],"in-sensor":[20,101],"processing":[21,102],"capabilities.":[22],"Given":[23],"wearables\u2019":[24],"strict":[25],"size":[26,93],"power":[28,162],"requirements,":[29],"minimizing":[30],"the":[31,50,75,165],"area":[32,181],"energy":[34,96,192,204],"consumption":[35,97],"of":[36,59,78,164,183,194,206],"DNN":[37,47],"is":[39,53,134,168],"a":[40,54,91,112,202],"critical":[41],"concern.":[42],"In":[43,81],"that":[44],"regard,":[45],"computing":[46],"models":[48],"in":[49,136],"time":[51],"domain":[52],"promising":[55],"architecture,":[56],"taking":[57],"advantage":[58],"both":[60],"technology":[61],"scaling":[62],"friendliness":[63],"efficiency.":[65],"Yet,":[66],"time-domain":[67,79,88],"typically":[70],"not":[71],"fully":[72],"digital,":[73],"limiting":[74],"full":[76],"benefits":[77],"computation.":[80],"this":[82],"work,":[83],"we":[84],"propose":[85],"an":[86,179,190],"all-digital":[87],"accelerator":[89,110],"with":[90,154],"small":[92],"low":[95],"target":[99],"precision":[100],"like":[103],"human":[104],"activity":[105],"recognition":[106],"(HAR).":[107],"The":[108,140,161],"proposed":[109],"features":[111],"simple":[113],"efficient":[115],"architecture":[116],"without":[117],"dependencies":[118],"on":[119],"analog":[120],"nonidealities":[121],"leakage":[124],"charge":[126],"errors.":[127],"An":[128],"eight-neuron":[129],"layer":[130,141,167],"(core":[131],"computation":[132,166],"layer)":[133],"implemented":[135],"22-nm":[137],"FD-SOI":[138],"technology.":[139],"occupies$70":[142],"\\times":[143],"\\,70\\,\\mu":[144],"$m":[145],"while":[146],"supporting":[147],"multibit":[148],"inputs":[149],"(8-bit)":[150,153],"weights":[152],"signed":[155],"accumulation":[156],"up":[157],"18":[159],"bits.":[160],"dissipation":[163],"576$\\mu":[169],"$W":[170],"at":[171],"0.72-V":[172],"supply":[173],"500-MHz":[175],"clock":[176],"frequency":[177],"achieving":[178],"average":[180,191],"efficiency":[182,193,205],"24.74":[184],"GOPS/mm2":[185],"(up":[186,197,209],"544.22":[188],"GOPS/mm2),":[189],"0.21":[195],"TOPS/W":[196],"4.63":[199],"TOPS/W),":[200],"normalized":[203],"13.46":[207],"1b-TOPS/W":[208],"296.30":[211],"1b-TOPS/W).":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}