{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403209799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3469217","title":"A 578-TOPS/W RRAM-Based Binary Convolutional Neural Network Macro for Tiny AI Edge Devices","display_name":"A 578-TOPS/W RRAM-Based Binary Convolutional Neural Network Macro for Tiny AI Edge Devices","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403209799","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3469217"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3469217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3469217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014408378","display_name":"Lixun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7457-2956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7457-2956","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108046742","display_name":"Yuejun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-6332"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuejun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1132-6332","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106892182","display_name":"Pengjun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-3719"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengjun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1461-3719","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100511891","display_name":"Jianguo Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianguo Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3387-1238","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Microelectronics Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074246475","display_name":"Huihong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6195-4615"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huihong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gang Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9133-8282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I146620803","display_name":"Wenzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/020hxh324","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9133-8282","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I146620803"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104233803","display_name":"Qikang Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I109935558","display_name":"Ningbo University","ror":"https://ror.org/03et85d35","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qikang Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I109935558"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1383,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89312272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"2","first_page":"371","last_page":"383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9081000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12676","display_name":"Machine Learning and ELM","score":0.9081000089645386,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tops","display_name":"TOPS","score":0.8934529423713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.7566479444503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.6559957265853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macro","display_name":"Macro","score":0.6115625500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","score":0.539408802986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5099736452102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.49437785148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39616262912750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.2527417540550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20600396394729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19832608103752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16673648357391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.15565118193626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.14267927408218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.07756593823432922}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777675136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q835642","display_name":"TOPS","level":3,"score":0.8934529423713684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.7566479444503784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.6559957265853882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166955791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629579","display_name":"Macro","level":2,"score":0.6115625500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182019814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143830","display_name":"Resistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.539408802986145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5099736452102661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.49437785148620605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39616262912750244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2527417540550232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20600396394729614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19832608103752136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16673648357391357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15565118193626404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.14267927408218384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.07756593823432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3469217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3469217","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4332096534","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62474100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5872239663","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022Z203","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336552","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5895638361","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0118903","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7118155122","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62134002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7141810030","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62174121","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336552","display_name":"Science and Technology Innovation 2025 Major Project of Ningbo","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970117475","https://openalex.org/W2072610908","https://openalex.org/W2093122352","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2342821294","https://openalex.org/W2396622873","https://openalex.org/W2509746188","https://openalex.org/W2789800904","https://openalex.org/W2897004326","https://openalex.org/W2929321329","https://openalex.org/W2944358858","https://openalex.org/W2963602484","https://openalex.org/W2990591126","https://openalex.org/W3015432327","https://openalex.org/W3015982917","https://openalex.org/W3107757569","https://openalex.org/W3161688185","https://openalex.org/W3187091765","https://openalex.org/W4214901488","https://openalex.org/W4220702691","https://openalex.org/W4226076460","https://openalex.org/W4283781448","https://openalex.org/W4285173196","https://openalex.org/W4288057953","https://openalex.org/W4311591786","https://openalex.org/W4312294528","https://openalex.org/W4312577316","https://openalex.org/W4312614299","https://openalex.org/W4312864537","https://openalex.org/W4312993714","https://openalex.org/W4313478540","https://openalex.org/W4367044193","https://openalex.org/W4378805898","https://openalex.org/W4388544022","https://openalex.org/W4388966583","https://openalex.org/W4388966834","https://openalex.org/W4389609802","https://openalex.org/W6700264148"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2811109569","https://openalex.org/W2385933648","https://openalex.org/W2381557761","https://openalex.org/W4231398535","https://openalex.org/W4245680303","https://openalex.org/W1996292569","https://openalex.org/W4210522299","https://openalex.org/W2043153436","https://openalex.org/W4251921734","https://openalex.org/W2113085768"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"novel":[1],"nonvolatile":[2],"computing-in-memory":[3],"(nvCIM)":[4],"technology":[5],"enables":[6],"data":[7],"to":[8,113,147],"be":[9],"stored":[10],"and":[11,46,50,100,164],"processed":[12],"in":[13,27],"situ,":[14],"providing":[15],"a":[16,64,75,141,158,165],"feasible":[17],"solution":[18],"for":[19,73,108],"the":[20,97,106,121,135],"widespread":[21],"deployment":[22],"of":[23,131,143,161,169],"machine":[24],"learning":[25],"algorithms":[26],"edge":[28,85],"AI":[29,86],"devices.":[30],"However,":[31],"current":[32,38],"nvCIM":[33],"approaches":[34],"based":[35],"on":[36,134],"weighted":[37],"summation":[39],"face":[40],"challenges":[41],"such":[42],"as":[43],"device":[44],"nonidealities":[45],"substantial":[47],"time,":[48],"storage,":[49],"energy":[51,167],"overheads":[52],"when":[53],"handling":[54],"high-precision":[55],"analog":[56],"signals.":[57],"To":[58],"address":[59],"these":[60],"issues,":[61],"we":[62],"propose":[63],"resistive":[65],"random":[66],"access":[67],"memory":[68],"(RRAM)-based":[69],"binary":[70,77,154],"convolution":[71,155],"macro":[72,92,156],"constructing":[74],"complete":[76],"convolutional":[78],"neural":[79],"network":[80],"(BCNN)":[81],"hardware":[82],"circuit,":[83],"accelerating":[84],"applications":[87],"with":[88],"low-weight":[89],"precision.":[90],"This":[91],"performs":[93],"error":[94],"compensation":[95],"at":[96,172],"circuit":[98],"level":[99],"provides":[101],"stable":[102],"rail-to-rail":[103],"output,":[104],"eliminating":[105],"need":[107],"any":[109],"ADCs":[110],"or":[111],"processor":[112],"perform":[114],"auxiliary":[115],"computations.":[116],"Experimental":[117],"results":[118],"demonstrate":[119],"that":[120],"proposed":[122],"BCNN":[123],"full-hardware":[124],"computing":[125],"system":[126],"achieves":[127,157],"on-chip":[128],"recognition":[129,149],"accuracy":[130],"90.7%":[132],"(98.64%)":[133],"CIFAR10":[136],"(MNIST)":[137],"dataset,":[138],"which":[139],"represents":[140],"decrease":[142],"0.98%":[144],"(0.59%)":[145],"compared":[146],"software":[148],"accuracy.":[150],"In":[151],"addition,":[152],"this":[153],"maximum":[159],"throughput":[160],"320":[162],"GOPS":[163],"peak":[166],"efficiency":[168],"578":[170],"TOPS/W":[171],"136":[173],"MHz.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}