{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401878714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3443834","title":"Detect and Replace: Efficient Soft Error Protection of FPGA-Based CNN Accelerators","display_name":"Detect and Replace: Efficient Soft Error Protection of FPGA-Based CNN Accelerators","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401878714","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3443834"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3443834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3443834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086818582","display_name":"Zhen Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9887-1418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113348923","display_name":"Y. Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanmao Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101192429","display_name":"Jinchang Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinchang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin International Engineering Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin International Engineering Institute, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100409523","display_name":"Qiang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1375-0508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034555845","display_name":"Guangjun Ge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5855-6480"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guangjun Ge","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052899986","display_name":"Yu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2931-8958"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080322790","display_name":"Pedro Reviriego","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-5234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I88060688","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid","ror":"https://ror.org/03n6nwv02","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pedro Reviriego","raw_affiliation_strings":["ETSI de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ETSI de Telecomunicación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I88060688"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086818582"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5957,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83899961,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"66","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-error","display_name":"Soft error","score":0.725248396396637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.6836792230606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6662527322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.42505255341529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38013291358947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.14660775661468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10550090670585632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.06767669320106506}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154474529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658917","display_name":"Soft error","level":2,"score":0.725248396396637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.6836792230606079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6662527322769165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.42505255341529846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38013291358947754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.14660775661468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10550090670585632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.06767669320106506}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3443834","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3443834","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4450569846","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62171313","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8412017094","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61974102","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1996112318","https://openalex.org/W2052914698","https://openalex.org/W2062470986","https://openalex.org/W2130630455","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2616014673","https://openalex.org/W2753775551","https://openalex.org/W2760869395","https://openalex.org/W2798811713","https://openalex.org/W2903175372","https://openalex.org/W2963701245","https://openalex.org/W2979455536","https://openalex.org/W3000371584","https://openalex.org/W3006692106","https://openalex.org/W3011997511","https://openalex.org/W3014034225","https://openalex.org/W3120425629","https://openalex.org/W3120468333","https://openalex.org/W4210485701","https://openalex.org/W4213038514","https://openalex.org/W4252174618","https://openalex.org/W4300835888","https://openalex.org/W4315474712","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2061783171","https://openalex.org/W2096844293","https://openalex.org/W2363944576","https://openalex.org/W2351041855","https://openalex.org/W2570254841","https://openalex.org/W2110991008","https://openalex.org/W2000201823","https://openalex.org/W2149051075","https://openalex.org/W2061536619","https://openalex.org/W2394408226"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1],"networks":[2],"(CNNs)":[3],"are":[4,18,26,168],"widely":[5],"used":[6,43],"in":[7,44,116,192],"computer":[8],"vision":[9],"and":[10,99,107,138,163,204],"natural":[11],"language":[12],"processing.":[13],"Field-programmable":[14],"gate":[15],"arrays":[16],"(FPGAs)":[17],"a":[19,39,52,128,154],"popular":[20],"accelerator":[21,156],"for":[22,78],"CNNs.":[23],"However,":[24,109],"FPGAs":[25],"prone":[27],"to":[28,70,141,170,210,232],"suffer":[29],"soft":[30,190],"errors,":[31],"so":[32,65],"the":[33,58,63,68,82,86,89,117,172,175,187,193,213,219,224],"reliability":[34],"of":[35,62,81,88,174,189,199,212],"FPGA-based":[36],"CNNs":[37],"becomes":[38],"key":[40,69],"problem":[41],"when":[42],"safety-critical":[45],"applications.":[46],"The":[47,148,179],"convolution":[48,83],"module":[49],"based":[50,133,157],"on":[51,134,153,158],"processing":[53,87],"element":[54],"(PE)":[55],"array":[56,91],"is":[57,67,92,131,151],"most":[59],"complex":[60],"part":[61],"accelerator,":[64],"it":[66,183],"efficient":[71,79],"protection.":[72],"Coding-based":[73],"schemes":[74,111],"have":[75],"been":[76],"proposed":[77,132,176],"protection":[80,129],"module,":[84],"where":[85],"PE":[90,136,215],"modeled":[93],"as":[94],"parallel":[95],"matrix-vector":[96],"multiplications":[97],"(MVMs),":[98],"every":[100],"wrong":[101],"output":[102],"would":[103],"be":[104],"concurrently":[105],"detected":[106],"corrected.":[108],"these":[110],"cannot":[112],"deal":[113,142],"with":[114,143,196,218],"errors":[115,191],"configuration":[118,145,194],"memory":[119,146,195],"that":[120,182],"affects":[121],"many":[122],"intermediate":[123],"results.":[124],"In":[125],"this":[126],"article,":[127],"scheme":[130,150,226],"faulty":[135],"detection":[137],"replace":[139],"(DR)":[140],"such":[144],"errors.":[147],"DR":[149,177,225],"implemented":[152],"CNN":[155],"Xilinx":[159],"Zynq":[160],"7000":[161],"SoC,":[162],"fault":[164],"injection":[165],"(FI)":[166],"experiments":[167],"performed":[169],"evaluate":[171],"performance":[173],"scheme.":[178],"results":[180],"show":[181],"can":[184],"effectively":[185],"mitigate":[186],"effect":[188],"an":[197],"overhead":[198],"about":[200],"1.3":[201],"times":[202,206],"complexity":[203],"1.4":[205],"power":[207,228],"consumption":[208,229],"relative":[209],"those":[211],"unprotected":[214],"array.":[216],"Compared":[217],"advanced":[220],"checksum-of-checksum":[221],"(CoC)":[222],"scheme,":[223],"decreases":[227],"by":[230],"up":[231],"30%.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-12-21T23:12:01.093139","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}