{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399939513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3409652","title":"1.63 pJ/SOP Neuromorphic Processor With Integrated Partial Sum Routers for In-Network Computing","display_name":"1.63 pJ/SOP Neuromorphic Processor With Integrated Partial Sum Routers for In-Network Computing","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-06-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399939513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3409652"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3409652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3409652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029789265","display_name":"D. Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-3023"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongrui Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9836-3023","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021584648","display_name":"Ming Ming Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6420-1202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Ming Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019055130","display_name":"Yi Sheng Chong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4136-6570"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Sheng Chong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100781212","display_name":"Jun Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5822-8233"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3004594783","display_name":"Institute of High Performance Computing","ror":"https://ror.org/02n0ejh50","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3004594783","https://openalex.org/I115228651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057215663","display_name":"Mohit Upadhyay","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohit Upadhyay","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104333853","display_name":"Ananta Balaji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ananta Balaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013201833","display_name":"Aarthy Mani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6159-6974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aarthy Mani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023989495","display_name":"Weng\u2010Fai Wong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weng Fai Wong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4281-2053","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057413185","display_name":"Li-Shiuan Peh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-6519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Shiuan Peh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-6519","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, National University of Singapore, Queenstown, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101615706","display_name":"Anh Tuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-6818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115228651","display_name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","ror":"https://ror.org/036wvzt09","country_code":"SG","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090209","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/009rw8n36","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209","https://openalex.org/I91275662"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anh Tuan Do","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8320-6818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Microelectronics, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Fusionopolis, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115228651","https://openalex.org/I4210090209"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100696804","display_name":"Bo Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-0799"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9199-0799","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Tampines, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5569,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65186732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"11","first_page":"2085","last_page":"2092"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13182","display_name":"Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12611","display_name":"Neural Networks and Reservoir Computing","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuromorphic-engineering","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","score":0.9123897552490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.606859564781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-processor","display_name":"Network processor","score":0.5797066688537598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3972328305244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.3731074929237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3034888505935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.12887904047966003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12118369340896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.051431089639663696}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151927369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1981312","display_name":"Neuromorphic engineering","level":3,"score":0.9123897552490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.606859564781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74366991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2755335","display_name":"Network processor","level":3,"score":0.5797066688537598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3972328305244446},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.3731074929237366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3034888505935669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.12887904047966003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12118369340896606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.051431089639663696}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3409652","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3409652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7799999713897705}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6158055991","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MOE-T2EP50122-0024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8039525913","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-CRP23-2019-0003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311687","display_name":"Ministry of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/03m01yf64"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130459697","https://openalex.org/W2164610565","https://openalex.org/W2338037132","https://openalex.org/W2749476078","https://openalex.org/W2898990213","https://openalex.org/W2906472504","https://openalex.org/W2921131065","https://openalex.org/W3006426821","https://openalex.org/W3036866137","https://openalex.org/W3076022400","https://openalex.org/W3126444928","https://openalex.org/W3134750800","https://openalex.org/W3199024492","https://openalex.org/W4220741568","https://openalex.org/W4241319225","https://openalex.org/W4379471878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3031505884","https://openalex.org/W2951049725","https://openalex.org/W4285308918","https://openalex.org/W2971712727","https://openalex.org/W4387459935","https://openalex.org/W2908450434","https://openalex.org/W3193008624","https://openalex.org/W4382561696","https://openalex.org/W2581119583","https://openalex.org/W3015991694"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Neuromorphic":[0],"computing":[1,129],"is":[2],"promising":[3],"to":[4,21,27,42,65,92,113,203],"achieve":[5],"unprecedented":[6],"energy":[7,84,183,187,196,232],"efficiency":[8,197],"by":[9,69,97,144],"emulating":[10],"the":[11,29,43,53,94,98,115,132,175,179,204,222,225],"human":[12],"brain\u2019s":[13],"mechanism.":[14],"Conventional":[15],"neuromorphic":[16,106,209],"accelerators":[17],"employ":[18],"split-and-merge":[19,99,227],"method":[20],"map":[22],"spiking":[23],"neural":[24,218],"networks\u2019":[25],"inputs":[26],"surpass":[28],"fan-in":[30],"capabilities":[31],"of":[32,45,73,178,189,224],"a":[33,89,121,199],"single":[34],"neuron":[35],"core.":[36],"However,":[37],"this":[38],"approach":[39,91,228],"gives":[40],"rise":[41],"risk":[44],"accuracy":[46],"compromise":[47],"and":[48,62,83,160,181,214],"extra":[49,135],"core":[50],"usage":[51],"for":[52,134,164,217],"merging":[54],"process.":[55],"Moreover,":[56],"it":[57],"requires":[58],"excessive":[59],"data":[60],"movement":[61],"clock":[63,161],"cycles":[64],"aggregate":[66],"spikes":[67],"generated":[68],"partial":[70,122],"sums":[71,75],"instead":[72],"total":[74],"obtained":[76],"from":[77,170],"different":[78],"cores":[79],"with":[80],"substantial":[81],"power":[82,158,166],"overhead.":[85],"This":[86,195],"work":[87],"presents":[88],"novel":[90],"addressing":[93],"challenges":[95],"imposed":[96],"method.":[100],"We":[101],"propose":[102],"an":[103,186,212],"energy-efficient,":[104],"reconfigurable":[105],"processor":[107,210],"that":[108,126],"leverages":[109],"several":[110],"key":[111],"techniques":[112,163],"mitigate":[114],"above":[116],"issues.":[117],"First,":[118],"we":[119,139,155],"introduce":[120],"sum":[123],"router":[124],"circuitry":[125],"enables":[127],"in-network":[128],"(INC),":[130],"eliminating":[131,149],"need":[133],"merge":[136],"cores.":[137],"Second,":[138],"adopt":[140],"software-defined":[141],"Networks-on-Chip":[142],"(NoCs)":[143],"leveraging":[145],"predefined,":[146],"efficient":[147,213],"routing,":[148],"power-hungry":[150],"routing":[151],"computation.":[152],"At":[153],"last,":[154],"incorporate":[156],"fine-grained":[157],"gating":[159,162],"further":[165],"reduction.":[167],"Experimental":[168],"results":[169],"our":[171],"test":[172],"chip":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"lossless":[176],"mapping":[177],"algorithm":[180],"exceptional":[182],"efficiency,":[184],"achieving":[185],"consumption":[188],"1.63":[190],"pJ/SOP":[191],"at":[192],"0.48":[193],"V.":[194],"represents":[198],"22.4%":[200],"improvement":[201],"compared":[202],"state-of-the-art":[205],"results.":[206],"Our":[207],"proposed":[208],"provides":[211],"flexible":[215],"solution":[216],"network":[219],"processing,":[220],"mitigating":[221],"limitations":[223],"traditional":[226],"while":[229],"delivering":[230],"superior":[231],"efficiency.":[233]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}