{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4399039148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164","title":"High-Throughput Bilinear Pairing Processor for Server-Side FPGA Applications","display_name":"High-Throughput Bilinear Pairing Processor for Server-Side FPGA Applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4399039148","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10539134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10539134.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015207567","display_name":"Junichi Sakamoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-7555"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junichi Sakamoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan","National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5316-7555","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007181617","display_name":"Daisuke Fujimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9389-7977"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75917431","display_name":"Nara Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05bhada84","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisuke Fujimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan","Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9389-7977","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Nara, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75917431"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026000964","display_name":"Riku Anzai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Riku Anzai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Environment and Information Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101923444","display_name":"N. Yoshida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4047-3546"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoki Yoshida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-4047-3546","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108109302","display_name":"Tsutomu Matsumoto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180203408","display_name":"Yokohama National University","ror":"https://ror.org/03zyp6p76","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I73613424","display_name":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01703db54","country_code":"JP","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tsutomu Matsumoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan","National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180203408"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I73613424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7719,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84525584,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"8","first_page":"1498","last_page":"1511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pairing","display_name":"Pairing","score":0.7192530632019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6419021487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6327738165855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.5998228192329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server-side","display_name":"Server-side","score":0.48991936445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4397943615913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.4206876754760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.2792951166629791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.26914435625076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09646198153495789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.08296355605125427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14103023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681459","display_name":"Pairing","level":3,"score":0.7192530632019043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6419021487236023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6327738165855408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.5998228192329407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14414571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q519081","display_name":"Server-side","level":2,"score":0.48991936445236206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4397943615913391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.4206876754760742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.2792951166629791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.26914435625076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09646198153495789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.08296355605125427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54101563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124131","display_name":"Superconductivity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10539134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3402164","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10539134.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4399039148.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W43382735","https://openalex.org/W127770406","https://openalex.org/W172652018","https://openalex.org/W1440563447","https://openalex.org/W1441821354","https://openalex.org/W1497727788","https://openalex.org/W1498685334","https://openalex.org/W1518236483","https://openalex.org/W1534733761","https://openalex.org/W1538685005","https://openalex.org/W1553083934","https://openalex.org/W1584385726","https://openalex.org/W1608900708","https://openalex.org/W1610688607","https://openalex.org/W1788452017","https://openalex.org/W2004814164","https://openalex.org/W2047657718","https://openalex.org/W2111793257","https://openalex.org/W2114725648","https://openalex.org/W2296489817","https://openalex.org/W2337909812","https://openalex.org/W2790485266","https://openalex.org/W2794898833","https://openalex.org/W2801811971","https://openalex.org/W2808009997","https://openalex.org/W2905462114","https://openalex.org/W2943126371","https://openalex.org/W2948829558","https://openalex.org/W3001105680","https://openalex.org/W3006957283","https://openalex.org/W3021234123","https://openalex.org/W3093846839","https://openalex.org/W3096999101","https://openalex.org/W3110374082","https://openalex.org/W3129966913","https://openalex.org/W3158983389","https://openalex.org/W3191099091","https://openalex.org/W4226109621","https://openalex.org/W4242164861","https://openalex.org/W4297320272","https://openalex.org/W4386773811","https://openalex.org/W4391183605","https://openalex.org/W6751596620"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3015473028","https://openalex.org/W3201176751","https://openalex.org/W1993094293","https://openalex.org/W2029180842","https://openalex.org/W2024971119","https://openalex.org/W2794898833","https://openalex.org/W4302890120","https://openalex.org/W1979999931","https://openalex.org/W2513570884","https://openalex.org/W3123819699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"study":[1],"focuses":[2],"on":[3,10,20,25,161],"the":[4,52,73,118,139,162,167],"acceleration":[5],"of":[6,72,98],"cryptographic":[7],"pairing":[8,22,89,134],"operations":[9],"field-programmable":[11],"gate":[12],"arrays":[13],"(FPGAs)":[14],"for":[15,28,48,67,92,111],"server-side":[16,49,93,113],"applications.":[17],"Previous":[18],"studies":[19],"FPGA":[21,59],"implementations":[23],"focused":[24],"area":[26,122],"efficiency":[27,123],"embedded":[29],"devices,":[30],"trying":[31],"to":[32,45,125],"achieve":[33],"maximum":[34,56],"performance":[35,57],"with":[36],"minimal":[37],"circuit":[38],"resources.":[39],"However,":[40],"their":[41],"architectures":[42,64],"are":[43,61,65],"likely":[44],"be":[46],"inefficient":[47,66],"applications,":[50],"where":[51],"primary":[53],"interest":[54],"is":[55,109,177],"when":[58],"resources":[60],"finished.":[62],"Their":[63],"two":[68,179],"reasons:":[69],"low":[70,79],"utilization":[71],"digital":[74],"signal":[75],"processor":[76,90,135,164],"(DSP)":[77],"and":[78,121,152,158,166,180],"operation":[80],"frequency.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83],"study,":[84],"we":[85,101,131],"propose":[86,102],"a":[87,103,112,133],"high-throughput":[88],"architecture":[91,136,165],"FPGAs,":[94],"taking":[95],"full":[96],"advantage":[97],"DSPs.":[99],"First,":[100],"loop-unrolled":[104],"modular":[105,141],"multiplication":[106],"algorithm":[107,116],"that":[108,137,171,176,185],"suitable":[110],"FPGA.":[114],"The":[115],"shows":[117],"highest":[119],"throughput":[120,147,175],"compared":[124],"algorithms":[126],"from":[127,186],"previous":[128,187],"studies.":[129],"Second,":[130],"design":[132],"embeds":[138],"proposed":[140,163],"multiplier,":[142],"thus,":[143],"maintaining":[144],"its":[145],"high":[146],"by":[148],"supporting":[149],"redundant":[150],"adders":[151],"interleaved":[153],"executions.":[154],"We":[155],"evaluate":[156],"BN254":[157],"BLS12_381":[159],"pairings":[160],"evaluation":[168],"results":[169],"show":[170],"it":[172],"achieves":[173],"good":[174],"approximately":[178],"five":[181],"times":[182],"faster":[183],"than":[184],"studies,":[188],"respectively.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}