{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4392309432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3366206","title":"A Hardware Acceleration of Maximum Likelihood Estimation Algorithm With Alternating Projection on FPGA","display_name":"A Hardware Acceleration of Maximum Likelihood Estimation Algorithm With Alternating Projection on FPGA","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4392309432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3366206"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3366206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3366206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5094035312","display_name":"Zhuo Xuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6160-1475"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhuo Xuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6160-1475","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071957359","display_name":"Shiwei Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3846-7573"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shiwei Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China","BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3846-7573","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069616003","display_name":"Chengbo Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4786-2586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengbo Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4786-2586","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021199783","display_name":"Guiyu Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-2901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119392","display_name":"Institute of Microelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/02s6gs133","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiyu Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China","BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6440-2901","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"BIT Chongqing Institute of Microelectronics and Microsystems, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766995","display_name":"Xiangnan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9808-6153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangnan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9808-6153","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4077,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79753073,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"6","first_page":"1072","last_page":"1085"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10931","display_name":"Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11233","display_name":"Advanced Adaptive Filtering Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10860","display_name":"Speech and Audio Processing","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7829912900924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acceleration","display_name":"Acceleration","score":0.721260666847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6418293714523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5788876414299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-acceleration","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","score":0.5779551267623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.5289808511734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/projection","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","score":0.4754193425178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4271789789199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.40136101841926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1665477156639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12642136216163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.10356190800666809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.05382552742958069}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7829912900924683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117896860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11376","display_name":"Acceleration","level":2,"score":0.721260666847229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6418293714523315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5788876414299011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13164978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600158","display_name":"Hardware acceleration","level":3,"score":0.5779551267623901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.5289808511734009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57493831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3134666","display_name":"Projection (relational algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4754193425178528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4271789789199829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.40136101841926575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1665477156639099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12642136216163635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.10356190800666809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05382552742958069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3366206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2024.3366206","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4424037053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62201039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6434645865","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"cstc2021jcyj-msxmX1096","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7522764329","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"6220011043","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323172","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W391578156","https://openalex.org/W1499717268","https://openalex.org/W1587654378","https://openalex.org/W1593133034","https://openalex.org/W1834265579","https://openalex.org/W1928864009","https://openalex.org/W1994477821","https://openalex.org/W1997222146","https://openalex.org/W2018089423","https://openalex.org/W2038857808","https://openalex.org/W2042565723","https://openalex.org/W2101328493","https://openalex.org/W2105947220","https://openalex.org/W2113638573","https://openalex.org/W2115426661","https://openalex.org/W2115808025","https://openalex.org/W2121036641","https://openalex.org/W2128131274","https://openalex.org/W2136274821","https://openalex.org/W2140728947","https://openalex.org/W2143102731","https://openalex.org/W2149755721","https://openalex.org/W2150480653","https://openalex.org/W2162654459","https://openalex.org/W2357400875","https://openalex.org/W2794478543","https://openalex.org/W2945038448","https://openalex.org/W3014958547","https://openalex.org/W3022667867","https://openalex.org/W3033476785","https://openalex.org/W3037693103","https://openalex.org/W3162354375","https://openalex.org/W3166920233","https://openalex.org/W4200315967","https://openalex.org/W4226264653","https://openalex.org/W4312258136","https://openalex.org/W6640162162"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2210979487","https://openalex.org/W2316202402","https://openalex.org/W2074043759","https://openalex.org/W2146872326","https://openalex.org/W2518118925","https://openalex.org/W3158825072","https://openalex.org/W3159273459"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Maximum":[0],"likelihood":[1],"(ML)":[2],"estimation":[3,11,30],"algorithm":[4,24,53,80],"is":[5,54,120,150,156,162,170],"a":[6,48,74,82,129],"special":[7],"case":[8],"of":[9,16,18,50,77,132,148,154,168],"Bayesian":[10],"method":[12],"in":[13,61,91,135,205],"the":[14,51,78,107,111,138,141,146,152,158,166,172,202],"field":[15],"direction":[17],"arrival":[19],"(DOA)":[20],"estimation.":[21],"The":[22,87],"ML":[23,52,79],"exhibits":[25],"robust":[26],"capabilities":[27],"with":[28,41,115],"small":[29],"errors,":[31],"making":[32],"it":[33],"applicable":[34],"to":[35,98,122,137,181],"challenging":[36],"conditions,":[37],"such":[38],"as":[39,199],"dealing":[40],"correlated":[42],"signals":[43],"and":[44,64,165],"limited":[45],"snapshots.":[46],"However,":[47],"drawback":[49],"its":[55],"multidimensional":[56,100],"iterative":[57],"nature,":[58],"which":[59],"results":[60],"huge":[62],"computation":[63],"time":[65,130],"consumption.":[66],"To":[67],"address":[68],"these":[69],"challenges,":[70],"this":[71,92,206],"article":[72,93,207],"proposes":[73],"hardware":[75,116,203],"implementation":[76,204],"on":[81],"field-programmable":[83],"gate":[84],"array":[85],"(FPGA).":[86],"design":[88,119,127,139],"scheme":[89],"presented":[90],"uses":[94],"alternating":[95],"projection":[96],"(AP)":[97],"transform":[99],"operations":[101],"into":[102],"1-D":[103],"operations,":[104],"effectively":[105],"reducing":[106],"computational":[108],"load.":[109],"On":[110],"other":[112],"hand,":[113],"combined":[114],"characteristics,":[117],"pipeline":[118],"used":[121],"save":[123],"computing":[124],"time.":[125],"This":[126,195],"achieves":[128],"reduction":[131],"approximately":[133],"60%":[134],"contrast":[136],"without":[140],"pipeline.":[142],"In":[143],"addition,":[144],"when":[145],"number":[147,153,167],"sources":[149],"1,":[151],"snapshots":[155],"1000,":[157],"signal-to-noise":[159],"ratio":[160],"(SNR)":[161],"10":[163],"dB,":[164],"elements":[169],"10,":[171],"root":[173],"mean":[174],"square":[175],"error":[176],"(RMSE)":[177],"can":[178],"be":[179],"close":[180],"<inline-formula":[182,188],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[183,189],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[184,190],"<tex-math":[185,191],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${0.02}$</tex-math>":[186],"</inline-formula>":[187,193],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$^\\circ$</tex-math>":[192],".":[194],"exemplary":[196],"performance":[197],"serves":[198],"evidence":[200],"that":[201],"ensures":[208],"accuracy.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
