{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4386025930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289","title":"KINA: Karatsuba Initiated Novel Accelerator for Ring-Binary-LWE (RBLWE)-Based Post-Quantum Cryptography","display_name":"KINA: Karatsuba Initiated Novel Accelerator for Ring-Binary-LWE (RBLWE)-Based Post-Quantum Cryptography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-08-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4386025930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10225355.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10225355.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053238326","display_name":"Pengzhou He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-4548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengzhou He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-4548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019885921","display_name":"Yazheng Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-9500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazheng Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-9500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027261160","display_name":"Jiafeng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029700182","display_name":"H S. Jacinto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2737-7110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1280414376","display_name":"United States Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4388482673","display_name":"U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate","ror":"https://ror.org/00z65zs77","country_code":null,"type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210102105","https://openalex.org/I4388482673","https://openalex.org/I4389425425"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. S. Jacinto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate, Rome, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Air Force Research Laboratory Information Directorate, Rome, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1280414376","https://openalex.org/I4388482673"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.226,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89985228,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"10","first_page":"1551","last_page":"1564"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6753712296485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.6709102392196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.5523216128349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.525091290473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ring","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","score":0.48258888721466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4660789668560028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.46237608790397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.4433589279651642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.3865870535373688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3441835641860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.34015828371047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.2911589741706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.23799893260002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.21530771255493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.11680382490158081}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6753712296485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.6709102392196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.5523216128349304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.525091290473938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351438","display_name":"Ring (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.48258888721466064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4660789668560028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.46237608790397644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.4433589279651642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.3865870535373688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3441835641860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.34015828371047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.2911589741706848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.23799893260002136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.21530771255493164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.11680382490158081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10225355.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3302289","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/92/4359553/10225355.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5095376432","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FA8750-20-3-1003","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","funder_display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306078","display_name":"U.S. Department of Defense","ror":"https://ror.org/0447fe631"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332467","display_name":"U.S. Air Force","ror":"https://ror.org/006gmme17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338294","display_name":"Air Force Research Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02e2egq70"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386025930.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4386025930.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W39036742","https://openalex.org/W179223734","https://openalex.org/W1513904472","https://openalex.org/W1547036183","https://openalex.org/W1598269861","https://openalex.org/W1649758727","https://openalex.org/W2007466965","https://openalex.org/W2054029490","https://openalex.org/W2069285815","https://openalex.org/W2079219927","https://openalex.org/W2098290658","https://openalex.org/W2113992957","https://openalex.org/W2125093890","https://openalex.org/W2129745589","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2394993236","https://openalex.org/W2463363166","https://openalex.org/W2475466576","https://openalex.org/W2494396870","https://openalex.org/W2621205330","https://openalex.org/W2798882964","https://openalex.org/W2894893605","https://openalex.org/W2900984439","https://openalex.org/W2903348552","https://openalex.org/W2904062476","https://openalex.org/W2919623724","https://openalex.org/W2946105297","https://openalex.org/W2952334088","https://openalex.org/W3013093367","https://openalex.org/W3034054507","https://openalex.org/W3088315145","https://openalex.org/W3121011012","https://openalex.org/W3135053459","https://openalex.org/W3168963148","https://openalex.org/W3169388419","https://openalex.org/W3208274166","https://openalex.org/W3214582668","https://openalex.org/W4212899991","https://openalex.org/W4226261894","https://openalex.org/W4251710990","https://openalex.org/W4285223675","https://openalex.org/W4285263548","https://openalex.org/W4286655990","https://openalex.org/W4307640781","https://openalex.org/W6636949950"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106922437","https://openalex.org/W2807901368","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2133733652","https://openalex.org/W2072658171","https://openalex.org/W2606392311","https://openalex.org/W4385956668","https://openalex.org/W2900895161","https://openalex.org/W4380838366","https://openalex.org/W4318899699"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Along":[0],"with":[1,154],"the":[2,26,56,113,121,127,146,155,177,181,185,199],"National":[3],"Institute":[4],"of":[5,34,64,71,98,108,131,157,160,180],"Standards":[6],"and":[7,18,51,163,172,192,210],"Technology":[8],"(NIST)":[9],"post-quantum":[10],"cryptography":[11],"(PQC)":[12],"standardization":[13],"process,":[14],"lightweight":[15,44,227],"PQC-related":[16],"research,":[17],"development":[19],"have":[20,102,118,142,166],"also":[21,167],"gained":[22],"substantial":[23],"attention":[24],"from":[25],"research":[27],"community.":[28],"Ring-binary-learning-with-errors":[29],"(RBLWE),":[30],"a":[31,42,89,134,158],"ring":[32],"variant":[33],"binary-LWE":[35],"(BLWE),":[36],"has":[37],"been":[38],"used":[39,120],"to":[40,110,125,175,223],"build":[41],"promising":[43],"PQC":[45,228],"scheme":[46,59],"for":[47,95,137,213,226],"emerging":[48],"Internet-of-Things":[49],"(IoT)":[50],"edge":[52],"computing":[53],"applications,":[54],"namely":[55],"RBLWE-based":[57],"encryption":[58],"(RBLWE-ENC).":[60],"The":[61,203],"parameter":[62],"settings":[63],"RBLWE-ENC,":[65],"however,":[66],"are":[67],"not":[68],"in":[69,84],"favor":[70],"deploying":[72],"typical":[73],"fast":[74],"algorithms":[75],"like":[76,216],"number":[77,159],"theoretic":[78],"transform":[79],"(NTT).":[80],"Following":[81],"this":[82,85],"direction,":[83],"work,":[86],"we":[87,101,117,141,165],"propose":[88],"Karatsuba":[90,122],"initiated":[91],"novel":[92],"accelerator":[93,153],"(KINA)":[94],"efficient":[96,151],"implementation":[97,173],"RBLWE-ENC.":[99],"Overall,":[100],"made":[103],"several":[104],"coherent":[105],"interdependent":[106],"stages":[107],"efforts":[109],"carry":[111],"out":[112],"proposed":[114,147,182,186,204],"work:":[115],"1)":[116],"innovatively":[119],"algorithm":[123,148],"(KA)":[124],"derive":[126],"major":[128],"arithmetic":[129],"operation":[130],"RBLWE-ENC":[132],"into":[133,149],"new":[135],"form":[136],"high-performance":[138,214],"operation;":[139],"2)":[140],"then":[143],"effectively":[144],"mapped":[145],"an":[150],"hardware":[152],"help":[156],"optimization":[161],"techniques;":[162],"3)":[164],"provided":[168],"detailed":[169],"complexity":[170],"analysis":[171],"comparison":[174],"demonstrate":[176],"superior":[178],"performance":[179],"KINA,":[183],"e.g.,":[184],"design":[187,201],"with$u=2$involves":[188],"64.71%":[189],"higher":[190],"throughput":[191],"15.37%":[193],"less":[194],"area-delay":[195],"product":[196],"(ADP)":[197],"than":[198],"state-of-the-art":[200],"for$n=512$(Virtex-7).":[202],"KINA":[205],"offers":[206],"flexible":[207],"processing":[208],"speed":[209],"is":[211,221],"suitable":[212],"applications":[215],"IoT":[217],"servers.":[218],"This":[219],"work":[220],"expected":[222],"be":[224],"useful":[225],"development.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}