{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4375929238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3270866","title":"TVF: A Metric for Quantifying Vulnerability Against Hardware Trojan Attacks","display_name":"TVF: A Metric for Quantifying Vulnerability Against Hardware Trojan Attacks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4375929238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3270866"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3270866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3270866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036621906","display_name":"Jonathan Cruz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7404-9259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Cruz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7404-9259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075781704","display_name":"Patanjali SLPSK","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-2219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patanjali Slpsk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0754-2219","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024364652","display_name":"Pravin Gaikwad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-0902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pravin Gaikwad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0127-0902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039442844","display_name":"Swarup Bhunia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-6961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Swarup Bhunia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6082-6961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3067,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87498099,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"7","first_page":"969","last_page":"979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9715999960899353,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9429000020027161,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.9225701093673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.8951220512390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6450842618942261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6046426296234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5560539960861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.5426734685897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4250290095806122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.34231793880462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2171025574207306}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.9225701093673706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.8951220512390137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6450842618942261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6046426296234131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5560539960861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.5426734685897827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4250290095806122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34231793880462646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2171025574207306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3270866","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3270866","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1591013007","https://openalex.org/W2001441503","https://openalex.org/W2011712479","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2097624522","https://openalex.org/W2108185518","https://openalex.org/W2298907189","https://openalex.org/W2311957057","https://openalex.org/W2403248509","https://openalex.org/W2541328190","https://openalex.org/W2562791148","https://openalex.org/W2625280195","https://openalex.org/W2945431591","https://openalex.org/W2962966240","https://openalex.org/W3082764905","https://openalex.org/W3119752259","https://openalex.org/W3128775242","https://openalex.org/W4281652300","https://openalex.org/W4286849965","https://openalex.org/W4292265465","https://openalex.org/W4293025084","https://openalex.org/W6803990447"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385434494","https://openalex.org/W3159333627","https://openalex.org/W3004467197","https://openalex.org/W1500594134","https://openalex.org/W2091750459","https://openalex.org/W2999465529","https://openalex.org/W3084939900","https://openalex.org/W2382172865","https://openalex.org/W1526642037","https://openalex.org/W4321062229"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,106],"need":[1],"for":[2,4,195,229,252],"metrics":[3],"quantifying":[5,196],"trustworthiness":[6],"of":[7,77,87,89,114,133,136,150,158,165,226,260,268],"electronic":[8],"hardware":[9,45,62,159],"against":[10,61],"diverse":[11],"threats":[12],"on":[13,26],"its":[14,56],"integrity":[15,46],"and":[16,47,84,162,222,286],"confidentiality":[17],"has":[18,38],"greatly":[19],"increased":[20],"due":[21,54],"to":[22,44,55,81,110,120,146,200,215,232,239,250,281],"the":[23,27,112,134,156,166,170,213,219,224,258,266,269],"increasing":[24],"reliance":[25],"untrusted":[28],"global":[29],"supply":[30],"chain.":[31],"Hardware":[32],"Trojans,":[33],"or":[34,94,143],"malicious":[35],"design":[36,93,142],"alterations,":[37],"emerged":[39],"as":[40,103,130],"a":[41,78,90,122,131,141,148,193,197,230,261],"major":[42],"threat":[43,214],"garnered":[48],"significant":[49],"interest":[50],"in":[51,140],"recent":[52],"times":[53],"catastrophic":[57],"potential.":[58],"Effective":[59],"protection":[60],"Trojan":[63,82,97,104,160,172,185,201,220,235,242,274],"attacks,":[64,98],"however,":[65],"requires":[66],"well-defined":[67],"metrics,":[68],"which":[69,99,255],"fall":[70],"into":[71],"two":[72],"broad":[73],"classes:":[74],"1)":[75],"measure":[76,86],"design\u2019s":[79,198],"vulnerability":[80,129,186,199,275],"insertion":[83,161,202],"2)":[85],"effectiveness":[88],"defense":[91],"solution\u2014a":[92],"verification/test":[95],"approach\u2014against":[96],"is":[100,108],"often":[101],"represented":[102],"coverage.":[105],"former":[107],"important":[109],"assess":[111],"level":[113,225],"difficulty":[115],"an":[116],"adversary":[117],"would":[118],"encounter":[119],"insert":[121],"hard-to-detect":[123],"Trojan.":[124],"Previous":[125],"efforts":[126],"have":[127],"assigned":[128],"function":[132],"number":[135],"suspect":[137,253],"nets":[138],"identified":[139],"are":[144],"required":[145,228],"enumerate":[147],"subspace":[149],"Trojans.":[151],"However,":[152],"these":[153,234],"values":[154],"simplify":[155],"problem":[157],"leave":[163],"much":[164],"subsequent":[167],"analysis":[168],"regarding":[169],"viable":[171],"space":[173],"unmeasured.":[174],"In":[175],"this":[176,180],"article,":[177],"we":[178,210,278],"address":[179],"critical":[181],"gap":[182],"by":[183],"presenting":[184],"factor":[187],"(":[188],"<italic":[189],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[190],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">TVF</i>":[191],"),":[192],"metric":[194],"via":[203],"maximal":[204],"clique":[205,287],"analysis.":[206],"With":[207],"such":[208],"analysis,":[209],"can":[211],"frame":[212],"more":[216],"accurately":[217],"represent":[218],"behavior":[221],"quantify":[223],"effort":[227],"designer":[231],"cover":[233],"triggers":[236],"without":[237],"needing":[238],"directly":[240],"consider":[241],"trigger":[243],"sizes.":[244],"We":[245],"also":[246],"introduce":[247],"soft":[248],"thresholding":[249],"account":[251],"nets,":[254],"lie":[256],"at":[257],"boundary":[259],"design.":[262],"Experimental":[263],"results":[264],"highlight":[265],"benefits":[267],"proposed":[270],"approach":[271],"over":[272],"existing":[273],"metrics.":[276],"Finally,":[277],"demonstrate":[279],"scalability":[280],"large":[282],"designs":[283],"through":[284],"partitioning":[285],"sampling-based":[288],"estimations.":[289]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}