{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4361982787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3249183","title":"Edge Word-Line Reliability Problem in 3-D NAND Flash Memory: Observations, Analysis, and Solutions","display_name":"Edge Word-Line Reliability Problem in 3-D NAND Flash Memory: Observations, Analysis, and Solutions","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4361982787","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3249183"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3249183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3249183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008010888","display_name":"Debao Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-1384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debao Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-1384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024099631","display_name":"Hua Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-2062"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hua Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8364-2062","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100347800","display_name":"Ming Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-9449"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ming Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Flight Test Establishment, Xi&#x2019;an, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Flight Test Establishment, Xi&#x2019;an, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110377317","display_name":"Yu Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103239909","display_name":"Zhelong Piao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5456-5881"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhelong Piao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102945423","display_name":"Cong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3157-9786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5343935","display_name":"Guilin University of Electronic Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05arjae42","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5343935"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101440139","display_name":"Liyan Qiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-7990"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liyan Qiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8220-7990","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5008010888"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8345849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"6","first_page":"861","last_page":"873"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12162","display_name":"Cellular Automata and Applications","score":0.9854999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.9606999754905701,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash-memory","display_name":"Flash memory","score":0.6990492343902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6165205836296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5821305513381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.48645469546318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.4843341112136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-error-rate","display_name":"Word error rate","score":0.46967631578445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.4194177985191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3578699231147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23307165503501892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.19257953763008118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1553362011909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12861287593841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12744459509849548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09166496992111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08229082822799683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776531357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174077","display_name":"Flash memory","level":2,"score":0.6990492343902588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6165205836296082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5821305513381958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.48645469546318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4843341112136841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.46967631578445435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.4194177985191345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3578699231147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23307165503501892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.19257953763008118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1553362011909485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12861287593841553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12744459509849548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09166496992111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08229082822799683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3249183","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3249183","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5138179247","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"YQ20205","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326293","funder_display_name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detection Technology and Instrument Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6298602342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"JZJJX20210009","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","funder_display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7226521540","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61802088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322857","display_name":"Aeronautical Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/02wq41p38"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320326293","display_name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detection Technology and Instrument Foundation","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515611338","https://openalex.org/W2026277945","https://openalex.org/W2119173116","https://openalex.org/W2289790252","https://openalex.org/W2336043051","https://openalex.org/W2623407995","https://openalex.org/W2623907268","https://openalex.org/W2809344784","https://openalex.org/W2917201421","https://openalex.org/W2949251802","https://openalex.org/W2949428669","https://openalex.org/W2952506913","https://openalex.org/W2954114556","https://openalex.org/W2962844766","https://openalex.org/W2981401662","https://openalex.org/W2993296059","https://openalex.org/W2994616148","https://openalex.org/W2999023107","https://openalex.org/W3006330903","https://openalex.org/W3014750788","https://openalex.org/W3016079222","https://openalex.org/W3033820463","https://openalex.org/W3039374431","https://openalex.org/W3042194639","https://openalex.org/W3087868245","https://openalex.org/W3093982999","https://openalex.org/W3094996254","https://openalex.org/W3096481900","https://openalex.org/W3097338261","https://openalex.org/W3097408958","https://openalex.org/W3158553583","https://openalex.org/W3161330000","https://openalex.org/W3162217299","https://openalex.org/W3199451795","https://openalex.org/W3201581479","https://openalex.org/W3210878027","https://openalex.org/W3213862435","https://openalex.org/W3214164816","https://openalex.org/W4200611880","https://openalex.org/W4205852860","https://openalex.org/W4220661181","https://openalex.org/W4308477749","https://openalex.org/W6677824246","https://openalex.org/W6752549483"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2373540784","https://openalex.org/W2368138740","https://openalex.org/W2129352342","https://openalex.org/W2084597789","https://openalex.org/W2088241114","https://openalex.org/W2042649716","https://openalex.org/W2138120345","https://openalex.org/W2394171788","https://openalex.org/W2372621381","https://openalex.org/W2382010046"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"3-D":[1,24],"flash":[2,25,74,186],"memory":[3],"is":[4,134],"gradually":[5],"becoming":[6],"the":[7,32,47,78,83,89,98,111,116,138,152,166,181],"mainstream":[8,79],"nonvolatile":[9],"storage":[10,56,80,183],"medium":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,28,87],"its":[14],"high":[15,18],"capacity":[16],"and":[17,37,70,91,107,118,164,171],"performance.":[19],"However,":[20],"interlayer":[21,41],"interference":[22,42,99],"during":[23],"programming":[26],"leads":[27],"significant":[29,176],"differences":[30],"in":[31,82],"error":[33,157],"characteristics":[34],"of":[35,49,100,185],"edge":[36,90,117,129,153,172],"inner":[38,92,119,170],"word":[39,120,173],"lines;":[40],"becomes":[43],"more":[44,161],"pronounced":[45],"as":[46,104],"number":[48],"stacked":[50],"layers":[51],"increases,":[52],"seriously":[53],"affecting":[54],"data":[55,96,182],"reliability.":[57],"In":[58],"this":[59,148],"study,":[60],"many":[61],"actual":[62],"tests":[63],"were":[64],"conducted":[65],"on":[66,137],"triple-level":[67],"cell":[68,72],"(TLC)":[69],"quad-level":[71],"(QLC)":[73],"memory,":[75],"which":[76],"are":[77],"media":[81],"current":[84],"consumer":[85],"market,":[86],"obtain":[88],"word-line":[93,130,154],"threshold":[94,112],"voltage":[95,113,140],"under":[97,122],"different":[101,123],"factors,":[102],"such":[103],"retention":[105],"loss":[106],"read":[108],"disturb;":[109],"then,":[110],"difference":[114,168],"between":[115,169],"lines":[121,174],"conditions":[124],"was":[125],"quantitatively":[126],"analyzed.":[127],"An":[128],"reliability":[131,167,184],"optimization":[132],"strategy":[133,149],"proposed":[135],"based":[136],"read-reference":[139],"extra":[141],"offset":[142],"(RRVEO).":[143],"Experimental":[144],"results":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"can":[150],"reduce":[151],"raw":[155],"bit":[156],"rate":[158],"(RBER)":[159],"by":[160],"than":[162],"90%":[163],"eliminate":[165],"without":[175],"overhead,":[177],"thus":[178],"significantly":[179],"improving":[180],"memory.":[187]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
