{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4321366692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3242640","title":"COPMA: Compact and Optimized Polynomial Multiplier Accelerator for High-Performance Implementation of LWR-Based PQC","display_name":"COPMA: Compact and Optimized Polynomial Multiplier Accelerator for High-Performance Implementation of LWR-Based PQC","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4321366692","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3242640"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3242640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3242640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053238326","display_name":"Pengzhou He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-4548"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengzhou He","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3461-4548","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019885921","display_name":"Yazheng Tu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-9500"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yazheng Tu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1624-9500","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019186749","display_name":"Tianyou Bao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3321-5123"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyou Bao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077537777","display_name":"Leonel Sousa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8066-221X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I141596103","display_name":"University of Lisbon","ror":"https://ror.org/01c27hj86","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leonel Sousa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department (DEEC), Instituto Superior T&#x00E9;cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8066-221X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department (DEEC), Instituto Superior T&#x00E9;cnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I141596103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027261160","display_name":"Jiafeng Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7863295","display_name":"Villanova University","ror":"https://ror.org/02g7kd627","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiafeng Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4814-1318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7863295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7931,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75258366,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"4","first_page":"596","last_page":"600"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7704845070838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nist","display_name":"NIST","score":0.6310631036758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rounding","display_name":"Rounding","score":0.5395258069038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.5343586206436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.49472567439079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.47822660207748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.4715214967727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.466453492641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardization","display_name":"Standardization","score":0.44907599687576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polynomial","display_name":"Polynomial","score":0.43498530983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-science","display_name":"Computational science","score":0.3692513108253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.36079713702201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.34179553389549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33430880308151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.20444485545158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14907604455947876}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7704845070838928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111219384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6954384","display_name":"NIST","level":2,"score":0.6310631036758423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136625980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663208","display_name":"Rounding","level":2,"score":0.5395258069038391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.5343586206436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.49472567439079285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.47822660207748413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.4715214967727661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.466453492641449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188087704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q369577","display_name":"Standardization","level":2,"score":0.44907599687576294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90119067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43260","display_name":"Polynomial","level":2,"score":0.43498530983924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C459310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117801","display_name":"Computational science","level":1,"score":0.3692513108253479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.36079713702201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.34179553389549255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33430880308151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.20444485545158386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14907604455947876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3242640","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2023.3242640","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3056037711","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"60NANB20D20","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8414614779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SaTC-2020625","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332178","display_name":"National Institute of Standards and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05xpvk416"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598269861","https://openalex.org/W2007466965","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2919682937","https://openalex.org/W2953289753","https://openalex.org/W3003308444","https://openalex.org/W3023641472","https://openalex.org/W3034054507","https://openalex.org/W3092489368","https://openalex.org/W3115321329","https://openalex.org/W3121011012","https://openalex.org/W3210291496","https://openalex.org/W4226075590","https://openalex.org/W4226261894","https://openalex.org/W4286655990","https://openalex.org/W4313066083","https://openalex.org/W4313168471","https://openalex.org/W6760047977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2106922437","https://openalex.org/W2807901368","https://openalex.org/W2158491338","https://openalex.org/W2133733652","https://openalex.org/W2993667417","https://openalex.org/W2899196999","https://openalex.org/W2043766215","https://openalex.org/W3084720115","https://openalex.org/W4236921914","https://openalex.org/W2921918181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,148,160],"rapid":[1],"progress":[2],"in":[3,56],"quantum":[4,25],"computing":[5],"has":[6,106],"initiated":[7],"a":[8,32,77,97,146],"new":[9],"round":[10],"of":[11,44,67,83,94,136,156],"cryptographic":[12],"innovation,":[13],"that":[14],"is,":[15],"developing":[16],"postquantum":[17],"cryptography":[18],"(PQC)":[19],"to":[20,144,170],"resist":[21],"attacks":[22],"from":[23],"well-established":[24],"computers.":[26],"In":[27],"this":[28],"brief,":[29],"we":[30,59,85,113,131],"propose":[31],"novel":[33,98],"compact":[34,103],"and":[35,69,140,150,166],"optimized":[36],"polynomial":[37,89,122],"multiplier":[38],"accelerator":[39,125],"(COPMA)":[40],"for":[41,102,109],"high-performance":[42],"implementation":[43,149],"learning-with-rounding":[45],"(LWR)-based":[46],"PQC.":[47],"As":[48],"not":[49],"many":[50],"LWR-based":[51],"PQC":[52,73,173],"schemes":[53],"are":[54],"available":[55],"the":[57,64,88,91,107,116,134,137,153,157],"literature,":[58],"have":[60,86,114,132,141],"just":[61],"used":[62],"Saber,":[63,95],"National":[65],"Institute":[66],"Standards":[68],"Technology":[70],"(NIST)":[71],"third-round":[72],"standardization":[74],"finalist,":[75],"as":[76],"typical":[78],"case":[79],"study":[80],"example.":[81],"First":[82],"all,":[84],"formulated":[87],"multiplication,":[90],"major":[92],"component":[93],"into":[96,119],"\u201csubpolynomial\u201d-based":[99],"processing":[100],"format":[101],"computation":[104],"(yet":[105],"potential":[108],"fast":[110],"operation).":[111],"Then,":[112],"designed":[115],"proposed":[117,158,161],"algorithm":[118],"an":[120],"area-efficient":[121],"multiplication":[123],"hardware":[124,174],"with":[126],"high-frequency":[127],"operational":[128],"capability.":[129],"Finally,":[130],"verified":[133],"efficiency":[135],"developed":[138],"COPMA":[139],"deployed":[142],"it":[143],"build":[145,171],"cryptoprocessor.":[147],"analysis":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"superior":[154],"performance":[155],"COPMA.":[159],"strategy":[162],"is":[163],"highly":[164],"efficient":[165],"can":[167],"be":[168],"extended":[169],"other":[172],"accelerators.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
