{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3138117802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3064639","title":"Real-Time SSDLite Object Detection on FPGA","display_name":"Real-Time SSDLite Object Detection on FPGA","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3138117802","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3064639","mag":"3138117802"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3064639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3064639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020537017","display_name":"Suchang Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5175-7981"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Suchang Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5175-7981","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054850568","display_name":"Seungho Na","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8319-8478"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101622","display_name":"Humanpass (South Korea)","ror":"https://ror.org/0170a8r40","country_code":"KR","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101622"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungho Na","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anapass Inc., Seoul, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8319-8478","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anapass Inc., Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101622"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056175427","display_name":"Byeong Yong Kong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5823-5505"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206597221","display_name":"Kongju National University","ror":"https://ror.org/0373nm262","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206597221"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Byeong Yong Kong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Electrical, Electronic, and Control Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5823-5505","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Electrical, Electronic, and Control Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206597221"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102929910","display_name":"Jaewoong Choi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-5933"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jaewoong Choi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2640-5933","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087977408","display_name":"In\u2010Cheol Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3524-2838"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157485424","display_name":"Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05apxxy63","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"In-Cheol Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3524-2838","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157485424"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5227,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91029177,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"6","first_page":"1192","last_page":"1205"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12111","display_name":"Industrial Vision Systems and Defect Detection","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.8510129451751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7959537506103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.666763424873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.6097701787948608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.451002299785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.43921053409576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.37594830989837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3456680476665497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.33192330598831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.24429064989089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.18230608105659485}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.8510129451751709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7959537506103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.666763424873352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.6097701787948608},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.451002299785614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.43921053409576416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.37594830989837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3456680476665497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.33192330598831177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.24429064989089966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.18230608105659485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3064639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3064639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.41999998688697815}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3807300858","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2020-0-01847","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","funder_display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6878136752","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NRF-2017R1E1A1A01076992","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328359","display_name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/01wpjm123"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W639708223","https://openalex.org/W1536680647","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1861492603","https://openalex.org/W1902934009","https://openalex.org/W1922655562","https://openalex.org/W1931778309","https://openalex.org/W1999156278","https://openalex.org/W2016889342","https://openalex.org/W2031489346","https://openalex.org/W2037227137","https://openalex.org/W2094756095","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2143612262","https://openalex.org/W2163605009","https://openalex.org/W2186094539","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289252105","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2405920868","https://openalex.org/W2442974303","https://openalex.org/W2560017826","https://openalex.org/W2570343428","https://openalex.org/W2593245696","https://openalex.org/W2604319603","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2613718673","https://openalex.org/W2627042741","https://openalex.org/W2734572653","https://openalex.org/W2767864757","https://openalex.org/W2790167166","https://openalex.org/W2796347433","https://openalex.org/W2799002811","https://openalex.org/W2899746768","https://openalex.org/W2899915146","https://openalex.org/W2907463061","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2935524202","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2950941578","https://openalex.org/W2951898149","https://openalex.org/W2962835968","https://openalex.org/W2963037989","https://openalex.org/W2963114950","https://openalex.org/W2963122961","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964228333","https://openalex.org/W2964299589","https://openalex.org/W2987729312","https://openalex.org/W2989331028","https://openalex.org/W3034971973","https://openalex.org/W3082058622","https://openalex.org/W3101616732","https://openalex.org/W3106250896","https://openalex.org/W4293584584","https://openalex.org/W4297775537","https://openalex.org/W6620707391","https://openalex.org/W6637373629","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6639102338","https://openalex.org/W6639703010","https://openalex.org/W6640090968","https://openalex.org/W6640305106","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6698200048","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6714058667","https://openalex.org/W6730047919","https://openalex.org/W6734062232","https://openalex.org/W6737664043","https://openalex.org/W6750227808","https://openalex.org/W6764238930","https://openalex.org/W6770600958","https://openalex.org/W6785652829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2111241003","https://openalex.org/W2355315220","https://openalex.org/W4200391368","https://openalex.org/W2210979487","https://openalex.org/W2316202402","https://openalex.org/W2074043759","https://openalex.org/W2082487009","https://openalex.org/W1967938402","https://openalex.org/W2386041993","https://openalex.org/W1608572506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1,92],"network":[2],"(DNN)-based":[3],"object":[4,48,72,155],"detection":[5,58,73,156],"has":[6],"been":[7,43],"investigated":[8],"and":[9,32,82,106,108,111,143,153,172],"applied":[10],"to":[11,19,27,116,128,139,178,181],"various":[12],"real-time":[13,47,70],"applications.":[14],"However,":[15],"it":[16],"is":[17,114,137,158,164],"hard":[18],"employ":[20],"the":[21,87,118,130,141,145,151,154,174,182],"DNNs":[22,119],"in":[23,150],"embedded":[24],"systems":[25],"due":[26],"their":[28],"high":[29],"computational":[30],"complexity":[31],"deep-layered":[33],"structure.":[34],"Although":[35],"several":[36],"field-programmable":[37],"gate":[38],"array":[39],"(FPGA)":[40],"implementations":[41],"have":[42],"presented":[44,127],"recently":[45],"for":[46,69],"detection,":[49],"they":[50],"suffer":[51],"from":[52],"either":[53],"low":[54,57],"throughput":[55,131,175],"or":[56],"accuracy.":[59],"In":[60,86,121],"this":[61],"article,":[62],"we":[63],"propose":[64],"an":[65,167],"efficient":[66],"computing":[67],"system":[68,83,123],"SSDLite":[71],"on":[74,166],"FPGA":[75,171,184],"devices,":[76],"which":[77],"includes":[78],"novel":[79],"hardware":[80,89],"architecture":[81,163],"optimization":[84,124],"techniques.":[85],"proposed":[88,162],"architecture,":[90],"a":[91],"processing":[93],"unit":[94,136],"(NPU)":[95],"that":[96],"consists":[97],"of":[98,147],"heterogeneous":[99,148],"units,":[100],"such":[101],"as":[102],"band":[103],"processing,":[104],"scaling,":[105],"accumulating,":[107],"data":[109],"fetching":[110],"formatting":[112],"units":[113,149],"designed":[115],"accelerate":[117],"efficiently.":[120],"addition,":[122],"techniques":[125],"are":[126],"improve":[129],"further.":[132],"A":[133],"task":[134],"control":[135],"employed":[138],"balance":[140],"workload":[142],"increase":[144],"utilization":[146],"NPU,":[152],"algorithm":[157],"refined":[159],"accordingly.":[160],"The":[161],"realized":[165],"Intel":[168],"Arria":[169],"10":[170],"enhances":[173],"by":[176],"up":[177],"13.6\u00d7":[179],"compared":[180],"state-of-the-art":[183],"implementation.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
