{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135042431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3060345","title":"Data Flow Obfuscation: A New Paradigm for Obfuscating Circuits","display_name":"Data Flow Obfuscation: A New Paradigm for Obfuscating Circuits","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135042431","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3060345","mag":"3135042431"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3060345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3060345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031747364","display_name":"Kimia Zamiri Azar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5684-100X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kimia Zamiri Azar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101538655","display_name":"Hadi Mardani Kamali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4246-6736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Mardani Kamali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062704557","display_name":"Shervin Roshanisefat","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3407-449X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shervin Roshanisefat","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047382437","display_name":"Houman Homayoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8904-4699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houman Homayoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103066371","display_name":"Christos Sotiriou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9318-474X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","display_name":"University of Thessaly","ror":"https://ror.org/04v4g9h31","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christos P. Sotiriou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060036961","display_name":"Avesta Sasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4052-8075"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162714631","display_name":"George Mason University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jqj7156","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avesta Sasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5031747364"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162714631"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.6924,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95437028,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"4","first_page":"643","last_page":"656"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obfuscation","display_name":"Obfuscation","score":0.957952618598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7795056104660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/handshaking","display_name":"Handshaking","score":0.7182587385177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5006508827209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.47755417227745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.43632131814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2925882041454315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.19495132565498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18670466542243958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40305131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2616305","display_name":"Obfuscation","level":2,"score":0.957952618598938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7795056104660034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58861099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q548838","display_name":"Handshaking","level":2,"score":0.7182587385177612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5006508827209473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.47755417227745056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.43632131814956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2925882041454315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.19495132565498352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18670466542243958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3060345","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2021.3060345","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ir.lib.uth.gr:11615/80948","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11615/80948","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400243","display_name":"University of Thessaly Institutional Repository (University of Thessaly)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145722265","host_organization_name":"University of Thessaly","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145722265"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1483405900","https://openalex.org/W1524250393","https://openalex.org/W1996109622","https://openalex.org/W2010800225","https://openalex.org/W2012725064","https://openalex.org/W2035720669","https://openalex.org/W2063615695","https://openalex.org/W2067276029","https://openalex.org/W2091631300","https://openalex.org/W2095410905","https://openalex.org/W2137541450","https://openalex.org/W2160160584","https://openalex.org/W2160823654","https://openalex.org/W2336864643","https://openalex.org/W2400748972","https://openalex.org/W2419784917","https://openalex.org/W2499445168","https://openalex.org/W2554561296","https://openalex.org/W2560771452","https://openalex.org/W2608329737","https://openalex.org/W2615010670","https://openalex.org/W2626492933","https://openalex.org/W2708742051","https://openalex.org/W2741711485","https://openalex.org/W2747980214","https://openalex.org/W2766393343","https://openalex.org/W2769905020","https://openalex.org/W2771405182","https://openalex.org/W2772235844","https://openalex.org/W2782827709","https://openalex.org/W2786025914","https://openalex.org/W2791567389","https://openalex.org/W2798443351","https://openalex.org/W2798554995","https://openalex.org/W2801972078","https://openalex.org/W2807607203","https://openalex.org/W2902639362","https://openalex.org/W2908473507","https://openalex.org/W2909895117","https://openalex.org/W2910438749","https://openalex.org/W2921091353","https://openalex.org/W2945305016","https://openalex.org/W2946592689","https://openalex.org/W2946593940","https://openalex.org/W2949793111","https://openalex.org/W2950285720","https://openalex.org/W2951325841","https://openalex.org/W2973715840","https://openalex.org/W2976174142","https://openalex.org/W2977387063","https://openalex.org/W2979042290","https://openalex.org/W2996815821","https://openalex.org/W2996950687","https://openalex.org/W2997659421","https://openalex.org/W3002973505","https://openalex.org/W3036662531","https://openalex.org/W3083069179","https://openalex.org/W3083394502","https://openalex.org/W3083612912","https://openalex.org/W3092370864","https://openalex.org/W3105554950","https://openalex.org/W3106433382","https://openalex.org/W3111508438","https://openalex.org/W3111808482","https://openalex.org/W3117845485","https://openalex.org/W4246305008","https://openalex.org/W4254690223","https://openalex.org/W6747192307","https://openalex.org/W6757041163","https://openalex.org/W6764036932","https://openalex.org/W6772403641","https://openalex.org/W6777029183","https://openalex.org/W6777467418","https://openalex.org/W6782531139","https://openalex.org/W6783171965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2882999853","https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W1997191995","https://openalex.org/W2059936816","https://openalex.org/W4224216661","https://openalex.org/W2351312779","https://openalex.org/W3210347767","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W2043388327","https://openalex.org/W3135042431"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,29],"this":[1,111],"article,":[2],"unlike":[3],"almost":[4],"all":[5],"state-of-the-art":[6],"obfuscation":[7,119],"solutions":[8],"that":[9],"focus":[10],"on":[11],"functional/logic":[12],"obfuscation,":[13,22,32],"we":[14],"introduce":[15],"a":[16],"new":[17,94],"paradigm,":[18],"called":[19],"data":[20,30,71,117],"flow":[21,31,118],"which":[23,104],"exploits":[24],"the":[25,36,42,51,63,66,73,79,102,107],"essence":[26],"of":[27,39,48,69,109],"asynchronicity.":[28],"by":[33],"benefiting":[34],"from":[35],"handshaking":[37],"mechanism":[38],"asynchronous":[40],"circuits,":[41],"system's":[43],"FFs/latches":[44],"will":[45],"operate":[46],"out":[47],"sync.":[49],"Hence,":[50,78],"adversary":[52],"has":[53],"no":[54,133],"sufficient":[55],"knowledge":[56],"to":[57,62],"apply":[58],"unrolling/BMC.":[59],"Also,":[60],"due":[61],"inherited":[64],"asynchronicity,":[65],"exact":[67],"time":[68],"writing/capturing":[70],"into/from":[72],"scan":[74,87],"chain":[75,88],"becomes":[76],"hidden.":[77],"SAT":[80],"attack":[81],"cannot":[82],"be":[83,122],"applied":[84],"even":[85],"while":[86,130],"access":[89],"is":[90,132],"open.":[91],"Moreover,":[92],"our":[93],"proposed":[95],"paradigm":[96],"creates":[97],"stateful/oscillating":[98],"combinational":[99],"cycles":[100],"into":[101],"design":[103],"extensively":[105],"boosts":[106],"difficulty":[108],"modeling":[110],"technique.":[112],"We":[113],"also":[114],"demonstrate":[115],"how":[116],"could":[120],"easily":[121],"integrated":[123],"with":[124],"any":[125],"circuit":[126],"at":[127],"low":[128],"overhead":[129],"there":[131],"limitation":[134],"such":[135],"as":[136],"compromising":[137],"test":[138],"flow.":[139]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-03-15T00:00:00"}
