{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2977334064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2020.2982473","title":"Side-Channel Hardware Trojan for Provably-Secure SCA-Protected Implementations","display_name":"Side-Channel Hardware Trojan for Provably-Secure SCA-Protected Implementations","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-04-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2977334064","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2020.2982473","mag":"2977334064"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2020.2982473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2020.2982473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00737","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086924960","display_name":"Samaneh Ghandali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24603500","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Amherst","ror":"https://ror.org/0072zz521","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samaneh Ghandali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24603500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014843693","display_name":"Thorben Moos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-9803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thorben Moos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3809-9803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012815811","display_name":"Amir Moradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4032-7433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amir Moradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4032-7433","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041748332","display_name":"Christof Paar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-2277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I904495901","display_name":"Ruhr University Bochum","ror":"https://ror.org/04tsk2644","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christof Paar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8681-2277","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT-Security, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Horst G\u00f6rtz Institute for IT Security Ruhr University Bochum Bochum Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I904495901"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2267,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51481185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"6","first_page":"1435","last_page":"1448"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trojan","display_name":"Trojan","score":0.870766818523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-trojan","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","score":0.7273680567741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.6961984038352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.6563358902931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6237986087799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6087750792503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.5482807159423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-security-module","display_name":"Hardware security module","score":0.48548129200935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-specific-integrated-circuit","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","score":0.47582128643989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation","display_name":"Implementation","score":0.4715951383113861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.46633434295654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.4562983214855194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37016892433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3601582646369934}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174333608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19635","display_name":"Trojan","level":2,"score":0.870766818523407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780873074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5656397","display_name":"Hardware Trojan","level":3,"score":0.7273680567741394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.6961984038352966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.6563358902931213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6237986087799072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6087750792503357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.5482807159423828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39217717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1432354","display_name":"Hardware security module","level":3,"score":0.48548129200935364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77390884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217302","display_name":"Application-specific integrated circuit","level":2,"score":0.47582128643989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26713055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245962","display_name":"Implementation","level":2,"score":0.4715951383113861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.46633434295654297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.4562983214855194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37016892433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3601582646369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2020.2982473","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2020.2982473","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1910.00737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.00737","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00737","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2977334064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://export.arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.00737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1910.00737","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1910.00737","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1910.00737","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1910.00737","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G18682879","display_name":"EXC 2092: CyberSicherheit im Zeitalter gro\u00dfskaliger Angreifer (CASA)","funder_award_id":"390781972","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6417911645","display_name":"NaSCA: NanoScale Seitenkanalanalyse  Physikalische Sicherheit von CMOS ICs der n\u00e4chstem Generation","funder_award_id":"271752544","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","funder_display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320879","display_name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","ror":"https://ror.org/018mejw64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":78,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W13277579","https://openalex.org/W76123274","https://openalex.org/W94705146","https://openalex.org/W193810222","https://openalex.org/W1489021826","https://openalex.org/W1500140210","https://openalex.org/W1506890909","https://openalex.org/W1511360501","https://openalex.org/W1514993642","https://openalex.org/W1532559214","https://openalex.org/W1541098965","https://openalex.org/W1562545139","https://openalex.org/W1567394420","https://openalex.org/W1580211761","https://openalex.org/W1613874182","https://openalex.org/W1820473293","https://openalex.org/W1894646615","https://openalex.org/W1958047932","https://openalex.org/W2009692273","https://openalex.org/W2010327273","https://openalex.org/W2013958570","https://openalex.org/W2029191730","https://openalex.org/W2071290994","https://openalex.org/W2097624522","https://openalex.org/W2114286085","https://openalex.org/W2117758617","https://openalex.org/W2120912790","https://openalex.org/W2124785100","https://openalex.org/W2128197017","https://openalex.org/W2138643012","https://openalex.org/W2146907344","https://openalex.org/W2148357146","https://openalex.org/W2150928734","https://openalex.org/W2154909745","https://openalex.org/W2164584813","https://openalex.org/W2166531223","https://openalex.org/W2167566128","https://openalex.org/W2219812381","https://openalex.org/W2290618025","https://openalex.org/W2403805114","https://openalex.org/W2478867270","https://openalex.org/W2511192821","https://openalex.org/W2556763991","https://openalex.org/W2570230384","https://openalex.org/W2575775666","https://openalex.org/W2604605806","https://openalex.org/W2610092052","https://openalex.org/W2770266693","https://openalex.org/W2808465023","https://openalex.org/W2912732588","https://openalex.org/W2913844835","https://openalex.org/W2944942867","https://openalex.org/W2953377359","https://openalex.org/W4256313551","https://openalex.org/W6600530048","https://openalex.org/W6603123321","https://openalex.org/W6603927124","https://openalex.org/W6607772043","https://openalex.org/W6629153992","https://openalex.org/W6629918636","https://openalex.org/W6630601855","https://openalex.org/W6631832762","https://openalex.org/W6632274306","https://openalex.org/W6633800091","https://openalex.org/W6633858052","https://openalex.org/W6634445971","https://openalex.org/W6636388380","https://openalex.org/W6639565960","https://openalex.org/W6682184091","https://openalex.org/W6682554491","https://openalex.org/W6684296838","https://openalex.org/W6688738194","https://openalex.org/W6713613502","https://openalex.org/W6721176184","https://openalex.org/W6731961573","https://openalex.org/W6732216877","https://openalex.org/W6746047247","https://openalex.org/W6758767585"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3016879030","https://openalex.org/W2952329445","https://openalex.org/W2156256511","https://openalex.org/W3014483912","https://openalex.org/W2082460678","https://openalex.org/W76123274","https://openalex.org/W1988151559","https://openalex.org/W1500140210","https://openalex.org/W2581757534","https://openalex.org/W2808465023","https://openalex.org/W2942872115","https://openalex.org/W2137035418","https://openalex.org/W3006530033","https://openalex.org/W2953221323","https://openalex.org/W2908119235","https://openalex.org/W2943736986","https://openalex.org/W2759901721","https://openalex.org/W2282277858","https://openalex.org/W2962980155","https://openalex.org/W2667014643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hardware":[0],"Trojans":[1,34,42],"have":[2],"drawn":[3],"the":[4,72,76,118,126,154,180,194,197],"attention":[5],"of":[6,31,98,128,163,179],"academia,":[7],"industry,":[8],"and":[9,15,121,190],"government":[10],"agencies.":[11],"Effective":[12],"detection":[13],"mechanisms":[14],"countermeasures":[16],"against":[17],"such":[18,90,149],"malicious":[19,77],"designs":[20],"can":[21,35,111],"only":[22],"be":[23,36,112],"developed":[24],"when":[25],"there":[26],"is":[27,74,139],"a":[28,53,91,143,150,157,176],"deep":[29],"understanding":[30],"how":[32],"hardware":[33,60,146],"built":[37],"in":[38,40,148,185],"practice,":[39],"particular,":[41],"specifically":[43],"designed":[44],"to":[45,55,84,106,132,168,175],"avoid":[46],"detection.":[47],"In":[48],"this":[49],"article,":[50],"we":[51],"present":[52],"mechanism":[54],"introduce":[56],"an":[57],"extremely":[58,104],"stealthy":[59],"Trojan":[61,73,92,195],"into":[62],"cryptographic":[63],"primitives":[64],"equipped":[65],"with":[66],"provably-secure":[67],"first-order":[68],"side-channel":[69,81],"countermeasures.":[70],"Once":[71],"triggered,":[75],"design":[78],"exhibits":[79],"exploitable":[80,169],"leakage,":[82],"leading":[83,131,167],"successful":[85],"key":[86],"recovery":[87],"attacks.":[88],"Generally,":[89],"requires":[93],"neither":[94],"addition":[95],"nor":[96],"removal":[97],"any":[99],"logic":[100,134],"which":[101],"makes":[102,196],"it":[103,110],"hard":[105],"detect.":[107],"On":[108],"ASICs,":[109],"inserted":[113],"by":[114,124],"subtle":[115],"manipulations":[116],"at":[117,156],"subtransistor":[119],"level":[120],"on":[122,141],"FPGAs":[123],"changing":[125],"routing":[127],"particular":[129,158],"signals,":[130],"zero":[133],"overhead.":[135],"The":[136],"underlying":[137],"concept":[138],"based":[140],"modifying":[142],"securely":[144],"masked":[145],"implementation":[147,178],"way":[151],"that":[152,192],"running":[153],"device":[155],"clock":[159],"frequency":[160],"violates":[161],"one":[162],"its":[164],"essential":[165],"properties,":[166],"leakage.":[170],"We":[171],"apply":[172],"our":[173],"technique":[174],"threshold":[177],"PRESENT":[181],"block":[182],"cipher":[183],"realized":[184],"two":[186],"different":[187],"CMOS":[188],"technologies":[189],"show":[191],"triggering":[193],"ASIC":[198],"prototypes":[199],"vulnerable.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
