{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2972489070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2936260","title":"A Low-Cost and High-Throughput FPGA Implementation of the Retinex Algorithm for Real-Time Video Enhancement","display_name":"A Low-Cost and High-Throughput FPGA Implementation of the Retinex Algorithm for Real-Time Video Enhancement","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-09-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2972489070","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2936260","mag":"2972489070"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2936260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2936260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335509","display_name":"Jin Woo Park","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Woo Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079409207","display_name":"Hyokeun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0824-6238"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyokeun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018573573","display_name":"Boyeal Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4855-3600"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyeal Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101403844","display_name":"Dong\u2010Goo Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4840-0025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196471810","display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ctacd45","country_code":"KR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong-Goo Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["RSS Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Ansan-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RSS Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Ansan-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112281452","display_name":"Seung Oh Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I196471810","display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ctacd45","country_code":"KR","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seung Oh Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["RSS Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Ansan-si, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"RSS Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute, Ansan-si, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I196471810"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371185","display_name":"Hyun Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7962-657X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118373667","display_name":"Seoul National University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00chfja07","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyun Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","Research Center for Electrical and Information Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Center for Electrical and Information Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118373667"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024723558","display_name":"Hyuk\u2010Jae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6811-9647"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hyuk-Jae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Inter-University Semiconductor Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100335509"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4304,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85712484,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"28","issue":"1","first_page":"101","last_page":"114"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11992","display_name":"CCD and CMOS Imaging Sensors","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7610100507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6893329620361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.5858811140060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4759259521961212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/color-constancy","display_name":"Color constancy","score":0.46972882747650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frame-rate","display_name":"Frame rate","score":0.42127931118011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.38592982292175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.3841937184333801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37601229548454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.3233070969581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.16906878352165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.10028114914894104}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7610100507736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6893329620361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.5858811140060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4759259521961212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187888035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2563885","display_name":"Color constancy","level":3,"score":0.46972882747650146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3261483","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119565","display_name":"Frame rate","level":2,"score":0.42127931118011475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.38592982292175293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.3841937184333801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37601229548454285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.3233070969581604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.16906878352165222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.10028114914894104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2936260","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2936260","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1587547631","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019R1F1A1057530","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3509040700","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17-12-N0103-10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322100","funder_display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322100","display_name":"Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03ctacd45"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322120","display_name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","ror":"https://ror.org/013aysd81"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W126295454","https://openalex.org/W1531458851","https://openalex.org/W1533497594","https://openalex.org/W1600276254","https://openalex.org/W1974093345","https://openalex.org/W1980684646","https://openalex.org/W1986910702","https://openalex.org/W1990183777","https://openalex.org/W1990675808","https://openalex.org/W2003945700","https://openalex.org/W2007222931","https://openalex.org/W2011592399","https://openalex.org/W2012158215","https://openalex.org/W2012554041","https://openalex.org/W2016622085","https://openalex.org/W2020217519","https://openalex.org/W2038813725","https://openalex.org/W2040053806","https://openalex.org/W2041920919","https://openalex.org/W2047940203","https://openalex.org/W2050295344","https://openalex.org/W2054814429","https://openalex.org/W2060488209","https://openalex.org/W2074396563","https://openalex.org/W2107877995","https://openalex.org/W2113313537","https://openalex.org/W2114551416","https://openalex.org/W2121900453","https://openalex.org/W2126146713","https://openalex.org/W2139375301","https://openalex.org/W2139616920","https://openalex.org/W2141704978","https://openalex.org/W2146086273","https://openalex.org/W2150721269","https://openalex.org/W2159040314","https://openalex.org/W2163342901","https://openalex.org/W2163687016","https://openalex.org/W2163887005","https://openalex.org/W2164847484","https://openalex.org/W2169447236","https://openalex.org/W2240434622","https://openalex.org/W2287386886","https://openalex.org/W2416225656","https://openalex.org/W2522349080","https://openalex.org/W2587107113","https://openalex.org/W2604436392","https://openalex.org/W2734424990","https://openalex.org/W2749871042","https://openalex.org/W2893868612","https://openalex.org/W3014037256","https://openalex.org/W6631996391","https://openalex.org/W6643840585","https://openalex.org/W6676904802","https://openalex.org/W7046829666"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4237735386","https://openalex.org/W2982638676","https://openalex.org/W2622554317","https://openalex.org/W2006198159","https://openalex.org/W2114667878","https://openalex.org/W1603973577","https://openalex.org/W2159871081","https://openalex.org/W2082294883","https://openalex.org/W2155138846","https://openalex.org/W2405544836"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"For":[0],"video":[1,17,121,235],"applications":[2],"in":[3,74,107],"a":[4,68,78,113,131,139,145,174,180,198],"special":[5],"environment":[6],"such":[7,92],"as":[8,93],"medical":[9],"imaging,":[10],"space":[11],"exploration,":[12,15],"and":[13,97,100,115,136,169,195,200,225],"underwater":[14],"the":[16,37,40,51,55,75,94,119,167,170,185,191,232],"captured":[18],"by":[19,172,183,196],"an":[20],"image":[21,41,154],"sensor":[22],"is":[23,33,43,61,103,128,226],"often":[24],"deteriorated":[25],"because":[26,87],"of":[27,39,67,77,88,118,141,179,187,218],"low":[28],"lighting":[29],"conditions.":[30],"Therefore,":[31],"it":[32,82,102,137,208],"necessary":[34],"to":[35,46,64,105,210,216,222],"enhance":[36],"part":[38,53],"that":[42],"too":[44],"dark":[45,79],"distinguish":[47],"details":[48],"while":[49,165],"maintaining":[50,166],"remaining":[52],"with":[54,155,228],"same":[56],"brightness.":[57],"The":[58,124,158,204],"retinex":[59,120],"algorithm":[60],"widely":[62],"used":[63],"restore":[65],"naturalness":[66],"video,":[69],"especially":[70],"exhibiting":[71],"outstanding":[72],"performance":[73,171],"enhancement":[76,122],"area.":[80],"However,":[81],"demands":[83],"large":[84],"computational":[85],"complexity":[86],"its":[89],"intricate":[90],"structure,":[91],"Gaussian":[95,193],"filter":[96],"exponentiation":[98,202],"operations,":[99],"consequently,":[101],"difficult":[104],"process":[106],"real":[108],"time.":[109],"This":[110],"article":[111],"presents":[112],"low-cost":[114],"high-throughput":[116],"design":[117,127,161,206],"algorithm.":[123],"hardware":[125],"(HW)":[126],"implemented":[129],"using":[130,173],"field-programmable":[132],"gate":[133],"array":[134],"(FPGA),":[135],"supports":[138],"throughput":[140],"60":[142],"frames/s":[143],"for":[144,190],"<inline-formula":[146],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[147],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[148],"<tex-math":[149],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$1920":[150],"\\times":[151],"1080$":[152],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[153],"negligible":[156],"latency.":[157],"proposed":[159,205],"FPGA":[160],"minimizes":[162],"HW":[163,213],"resources":[164,214],"quality":[168],"small":[175],"line":[176],"buffer":[177],"instead":[178],"frame":[181],"buffer,":[182],"applying":[184],"concept":[186],"approximate":[188],"computing":[189],"complex":[192],"filter,":[194],"designing":[197],"new":[199],"nontrivial":[201],"operation.":[203],"makes":[207],"possible":[209],"significantly":[211],"reduce":[212],"(up":[215],"79.22%":[217],"total":[219],"resources)":[220],"compared":[221],"existing":[223],"systems":[224],"compatible":[227],"commercialized":[229],"devices":[230],"through":[231],"standard":[233],"HDMI/DVI":[234],"ports.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
