{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963602484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2926984","title":"PXNOR-BNN: In/With Spin-Orbit Torque MRAM Preset-XNOR Operation-Based Binary Neural Networks","display_name":"PXNOR-BNN: In/With Spin-Orbit Torque MRAM Preset-XNOR Operation-Based Binary Neural Networks","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963602484","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2926984","mag":"2963602484"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2926984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2926984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038647640","display_name":"Liang Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6685-5576"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6685-5576","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060769407","display_name":"Xin Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4402-1957"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xin Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEAL Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEAL Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056897117","display_name":"Zhaohao Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaohao Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing (BDBC), Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2999-7903","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing (BDBC), Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018693228","display_name":"Youguang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-0928-4210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Youguang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100385336","display_name":"Yuan Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-1788"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154570441","display_name":"University of California, Santa Barbara","ror":"https://ror.org/02t274463","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuan Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["SEAL Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2093-1788","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SEAL Laboratory, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154570441"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100381646","display_name":"Wang Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-6034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weisheng Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing (BDBC), Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3169-6034","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brain Computing (BDBC), Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.6195,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":58,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93586023,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"11","first_page":"2668","last_page":"2679"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/xnor-gate","display_name":"XNOR gate","score":0.8574023246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6921319365501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.4766974151134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.46799415349960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.45676377415657043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4372224509716034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.34500980377197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.32079681754112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.3164266347885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2550942301750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.20034706592559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.16349941492080688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14761224389076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nand-gate","display_name":"NAND gate","score":0.1407451331615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.13844403624534607}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57684291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1336142","display_name":"XNOR gate","level":4,"score":0.8574023246765137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6921319365501404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.4766974151134491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.46799415349960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.45676377415657043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4372224509716034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.34500980377197266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.32079681754112244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.3164266347885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2550942301750183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.20034706592559814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.16349941492080688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14761224389076233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124296912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q575178","display_name":"NAND gate","level":3,"score":0.1407451331615448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.13844403624534607}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2926984","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2019.2926984","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-133178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/record/display.url?eid=2-s2.0-85069944423&origin=inward","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G292086216","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"B16001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335785","funder_display_name":"Project 211"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5386183648","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61704005","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7531871262","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61627813","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8689867395","display_name":"CoFeB/MgO\u78c1\u6027\u591a\u5c42\u819c\u4e2d\u81ea\u65cb\u8f68\u9053\u77e9\u4e0e\u81ea\u65cb\u8f6c\u79fb\u77e9\u8026\u5408\u6548\u5e94\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61571023","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335785","display_name":"Project 211","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W574538927","https://openalex.org/W811376922","https://openalex.org/W1891025735","https://openalex.org/W2009626773","https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2074807607","https://openalex.org/W2110276925","https://openalex.org/W2118531588","https://openalex.org/W2119112357","https://openalex.org/W2129289758","https://openalex.org/W2148830790","https://openalex.org/W2153160151","https://openalex.org/W2246960778","https://openalex.org/W2251682575","https://openalex.org/W2300242332","https://openalex.org/W2319541531","https://openalex.org/W2319920447","https://openalex.org/W2396622873","https://openalex.org/W2461533533","https://openalex.org/W2469490737","https://openalex.org/W2516386692","https://openalex.org/W2519653196","https://openalex.org/W2560998421","https://openalex.org/W2569191381","https://openalex.org/W2585560244","https://openalex.org/W2588666075","https://openalex.org/W2594135538","https://openalex.org/W2616014673","https://openalex.org/W2747816535","https://openalex.org/W2772082621","https://openalex.org/W2775481860","https://openalex.org/W2790030313","https://openalex.org/W2790154111","https://openalex.org/W2790925711","https://openalex.org/W2798554798","https://openalex.org/W2798598799","https://openalex.org/W2799122104","https://openalex.org/W2799229073","https://openalex.org/W2809353777","https://openalex.org/W2898994846","https://openalex.org/W2942267901","https://openalex.org/W2944431751","https://openalex.org/W2945146780","https://openalex.org/W2945829174","https://openalex.org/W2946585648","https://openalex.org/W2964089300","https://openalex.org/W2970691381","https://openalex.org/W3098996651","https://openalex.org/W3104870461","https://openalex.org/W3105391692","https://openalex.org/W3105500088","https://openalex.org/W3174581039","https://openalex.org/W4232921285","https://openalex.org/W4301895937","https://openalex.org/W6698200048","https://openalex.org/W6700264148","https://openalex.org/W6720242923","https://openalex.org/W6734669883","https://openalex.org/W6747149060","https://openalex.org/W6750749591","https://openalex.org/W6750889459","https://openalex.org/W6752596052","https://openalex.org/W6762542060","https://openalex.org/W6797128823"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385413421","https://openalex.org/W4386414224","https://openalex.org/W2532170798","https://openalex.org/W2963244787","https://openalex.org/W2783592119","https://openalex.org/W2966758645","https://openalex.org/W2774773774","https://openalex.org/W2785627314","https://openalex.org/W2896123134","https://openalex.org/W1963739940"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolution":[0],"neural":[1,56],"networks":[2,57],"(CNNs)":[3],"have":[4],"demonstrated":[5],"superior":[6],"capability":[7],"in":[8],"computer":[9],"vision,":[10],"speech":[11],"recognition,":[12],"autonomous":[13],"driving,":[14],"and":[15,34,40,46,74,97],"so":[16],"forth,":[17],"which":[18],"are":[19],"opening":[20],"up":[21],"an":[22,106],"artificial":[23],"intelligence":[24,61],"(AI)":[25],"era.":[26],"However,":[27],"conventional":[28],"CNNs":[29],"require":[30],"significant":[31],"matrix":[32],"computation":[33,126],"memory":[35,41,89,121],"usage":[36],"leading":[37],"to":[38,123],"power":[39,99],"issues":[42],"for":[43],"mobile":[44],"deployment":[45],"embedded":[47],"chips.":[48],"On":[49,77],"the":[50,53,64,78,81,87,115,125,132,138,146,151,162,167,175],"algorithm":[51],"side,":[52,80],"emerging":[54],"binary":[55],"(BNNs)":[58],"promise":[59],"portable":[60],"by":[62,86],"replacing":[63],"costly":[65],"massive":[66],"floating-point":[67],"compute-andaccumulate":[68],"operations":[69],"with":[70,141,161,174,177],"lightweight":[71],"bit-wise":[72],"XNOR":[73,133],"popcount":[75],"operations.":[76],"hardware":[79],"computingin-memory":[82],"(CIM)":[83],"architectures":[84],"developed":[85],"non-volatile":[88],"(NVM)":[90],"present":[91],"outstanding":[92],"performance":[93,159],"regarding":[94],"high":[95],"speed":[96],"good":[98],"efficiency.":[100,180],"In":[101],"this":[102],"paper,":[103],"we":[104],"propose":[105],"NVM-based":[107],"CIM":[108],"architecture":[109],"employing":[110],"a":[111],"Preset-XNOR":[112],"operation":[113,134],"in/with":[114],"spin-orbit":[116],"torque":[117],"magnetic":[118],"random":[119],"access":[120],"(SOT-MRAM)":[122],"accelerate":[124],"of":[127,135,145],"BNNs":[128,136],"(PXNOR-BNN).":[129],"PXNOR-BNN":[130,155],"performs":[131],"inside":[137],"computing-buffer":[139],"array":[140],"only":[142],"slight":[143],"modifications":[144],"peripheral":[147],"circuits.":[148],"Based":[149],"on":[150],"layer":[152],"evaluation":[153],"results,":[154],"can":[156],"achieve":[157],"similar":[158],"compared":[160,173],"read-based":[163],"SOT-MRAM":[164],"counterpart.":[165],"Finally,":[166],"end-to-end":[168],"estimation":[169],"demonstrates":[170],"12.3\u00d7":[171],"speedup":[172],"baseline":[176],"96.6-image/s/W":[178],"throughput":[179]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}