{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2897852927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2872410","title":"Many-Objective Sizing Optimization of a Class-C/D VCO for Ultralow-Power IoT and Ultralow-Phase-Noise Cellular Applications","display_name":"Many-Objective Sizing Optimization of a Class-C/D VCO for Ultralow-Power IoT and Ultralow-Phase-Noise Cellular Applications","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-10-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2897852927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2872410","mag":"2897852927"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2872410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2872410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060778711","display_name":"Ricardo Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-1415"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["MO","PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ricardo Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8251-1415","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065716990","display_name":"Nuno Louren\u00e7o","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-6435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuno Lourenco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-6435","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056512471","display_name":"Nuno Horta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1687-1447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuno Horta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1687-1447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006541988","display_name":"Jun Yin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-4551"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4195-4551","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058845450","display_name":"Pui\u2010In Mak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}],"countries":["MO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pui-In Mak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3579-8740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5106943352","display_name":"Rui P. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204512498","display_name":"University of Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85","country_code":"MO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}],"countries":["MO","PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui P. Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2821-648X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Macau, Macau, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Lisbon, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060778711"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204512498","https://openalex.org/I4210120471"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6177,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90615294,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"27","issue":"1","first_page":"69","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10323","display_name":"Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.7721143960952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.7095017433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbc","display_name":"dBc","score":0.7045652270317078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sizing","display_name":"Sizing","score":0.6072078943252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.5972923040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.5954897999763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/figure-of-merit","display_name":"Figure of merit","score":0.5121862292289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4506247341632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transceiver","display_name":"Transceiver","score":0.4367109537124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4330158531665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4325380325317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3954369127750397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3123691976070404}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.7721143960952759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.7095017433166504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193523891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771950","display_name":"dBc","level":3,"score":0.7045652270317078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777767291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080291","display_name":"Sizing","level":2,"score":0.6072078943252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.5972923040390015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.5954897999763489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130277099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3676605","display_name":"Figure of merit","level":2,"score":0.5121862292289734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4506247341632843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7720470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954187","display_name":"Transceiver","level":3,"score":0.4367109537124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4330158531665802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4325380325317383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3954369127750397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3123691976070404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2872410","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2872410","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6613662147","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MYRG-2017-00185","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","funder_display_name":"Universidade de Macau"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322841","display_name":"Universidade de Macau","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4q9n85"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W304026244","https://openalex.org/W1040801819","https://openalex.org/W1998752433","https://openalex.org/W2048868727","https://openalex.org/W2055978681","https://openalex.org/W2098907338","https://openalex.org/W2104340505","https://openalex.org/W2124340165","https://openalex.org/W2126105956","https://openalex.org/W2135143797","https://openalex.org/W2142408027","https://openalex.org/W2152680645","https://openalex.org/W2156076271","https://openalex.org/W2159820023","https://openalex.org/W2162372871","https://openalex.org/W2163108808","https://openalex.org/W2293251717","https://openalex.org/W2346640828","https://openalex.org/W2368587440","https://openalex.org/W2412425681","https://openalex.org/W2495816481","https://openalex.org/W2521349449","https://openalex.org/W2588789014","https://openalex.org/W2735871050","https://openalex.org/W2791209703","https://openalex.org/W2792845171","https://openalex.org/W2799969132","https://openalex.org/W4234273403","https://openalex.org/W4243099375","https://openalex.org/W6682551543","https://openalex.org/W6750918800","https://openalex.org/W6824750349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141726610","https://openalex.org/W2061664740","https://openalex.org/W1964543336","https://openalex.org/W4242529045","https://openalex.org/W2057338677","https://openalex.org/W4236967454","https://openalex.org/W2105518569","https://openalex.org/W2112742062","https://openalex.org/W2017334866","https://openalex.org/W2589125258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,208],"this":[1,173],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,23,46,60,83,87,115,133,142,154,163,167,188,192,218,221,228],"performance":[4,69,100,178,235],"boundaries":[5],"and":[6,70,77,92,118,153],"corresponding":[7],"tradeoffs":[8,89],"of":[9,26,48,79,86,98,127,166,187,191,220],"a":[10,20,95,181,231],"complex":[11],"dual-mode":[12,116],"class-C/D":[13],"voltage-controlled":[14],"oscillator":[15],"(VCO)":[16],"are":[17],"extended":[18],"using":[19],"framework":[21],"for":[22,74,200],"automatic":[24],"sizing":[25],"radio":[27],"frequency":[28,155],"integrated":[29],"circuit":[30,174],"blocks,":[31],"where":[32,132],"an":[33,40],"all-inclusive":[34],"test":[35,106],"bench":[36],"formulation":[37],"enhanced":[38],"with":[39,66,125,203],"additional":[41],"measurement":[42],"processing":[43],"system":[44],"enables":[45],"optimization":[47,119],"\u201ceverything":[49],"at":[50,145],"once\u201d":[51],"toward":[52],"its":[53,177,198],"true":[54],"optimal":[55],"tradeoffs.":[56],"VCOs":[57],"embedded":[58],"in":[59],"state-of-the-art":[61],"multistandard":[62],"transceivers":[63],"must":[64,110],"comply":[65],"extremely":[67],"high":[68],"ultralow":[71,201],"power":[72,134,189,202],"requirements":[73],"modern":[75],"cellular":[76],"Internet":[78],"Things":[80],"applications.":[81],"However,":[82],"proper":[84],"analysis":[85,109],"design":[88,117,123,175,194],"is":[90],"tedious":[91],"impractical,":[93],"as":[94],"large":[96],"amount":[97],"conflicting":[99],"figures":[101,126],"obtained":[102],"from":[103,137,148,157],"multiple":[104],"modes,":[105],"benches,":[107],"and/or":[108],"be":[111],"considered":[112],"simultaneously.":[113],"Here,":[114],"conducted":[120],"provided":[121],"287":[122],"solutions":[124],"merit":[128],"above":[129],"192":[130],"dBc/Hz,":[131,152],"consumption":[135,190],"varies":[136],"0.134":[138],"to":[139,150,159,176,230],"1.333":[140],"mW,":[141],"phase":[143],"noise":[144],"10":[146],"MHz":[147],"-133.89":[149],"-142.51":[151],"pushing":[156],"2":[158],"500":[160],"MHz/V,":[161],"on":[162,180,217],"worst":[164,210,222],"case":[165,211,223],"tuning":[168,224],"range.":[169],"These":[170],"results":[171],"pushed":[172],"limits":[179],"65-nm":[182],"CMOS":[183],"technology,":[184],"reducing":[185],"49%":[186],"original":[193],"while":[195],"also":[196,215],"showing":[197],"potential":[199],"more":[204],"than":[205],"93%":[206],"reduction.":[207],"addition,":[209],"corner":[212],"criteria":[213],"were":[214],"performed":[216],"top":[219],"range":[225],"optimization,":[226],"taking":[227],"problem":[229],"human-untrea":[232],"table":[233],"LXVI-D":[234],"space.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}