{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2794935685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2812214","title":"Toward Energy-Efficient Stochastic Circuits Using Parallel Sobol Sequences","display_name":"Toward Energy-Efficient Stochastic Circuits Using Parallel Sobol Sequences","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2794935685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2812214","mag":"2794935685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2812214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2812214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005839811","display_name":"Siting Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-8183"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siting Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-8183","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005550142","display_name":"Jie Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4994"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jie Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-4994","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.3268,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94248115,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"7","first_page":"1326","last_page":"1339"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.9202407598495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sobol-sequence","display_name":"Sobol sequence","score":0.8196892142295837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6211926937103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.5568439364433289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-number-generation","display_name":"Random number generation","score":0.5435651540756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-circuit","display_name":"Electronic circuit","score":0.4816955029964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4757497012615204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4756597876548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4440799653530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computation","display_name":"Computation","score":0.440458208322525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pseudorandom-number-generator","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","score":0.4337165355682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.25676631927490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.2513545751571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.19340375065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0976664125919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.08935987949371338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.9202407598495483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49740808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7550116","display_name":"Sobol sequence","level":3,"score":0.8196892142295837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6211926937103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.5568439364433289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201866948","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228206","display_name":"Random number generation","level":2,"score":0.5435651540756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134146338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1815901","display_name":"Electronic circuit","level":2,"score":0.4816955029964447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4757497012615204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4756597876548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4440799653530121},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45374587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12525525","display_name":"Computation","level":2,"score":0.440458208322525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140642157","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623338","display_name":"Pseudorandom number generator","level":2,"score":0.4337165355682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.25676631927490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.2513545751571655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.19340375065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0976664125919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.08935987949371338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2812214","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2018.2812214","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3500963698","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RES0025211","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W5385147","https://openalex.org/W1968016286","https://openalex.org/W2003056114","https://openalex.org/W2031267166","https://openalex.org/W2043419861","https://openalex.org/W2051898848","https://openalex.org/W2071310017","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2101765144","https://openalex.org/W2110930696","https://openalex.org/W2122983882","https://openalex.org/W2141389982","https://openalex.org/W2151770284","https://openalex.org/W2319292801","https://openalex.org/W2614053718","https://openalex.org/W2627020852","https://openalex.org/W3198160809","https://openalex.org/W4248481357","https://openalex.org/W4251846933","https://openalex.org/W4300580367","https://openalex.org/W6646714055","https://openalex.org/W6663763761"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2614053718","https://openalex.org/W2772380824","https://openalex.org/W2104480405","https://openalex.org/W2062045810","https://openalex.org/W1534576401","https://openalex.org/W2988803943","https://openalex.org/W3103095306","https://openalex.org/W3124991594","https://openalex.org/W2775374936","https://openalex.org/W3111658143"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stochastic":[0],"computing":[1],"(SC)":[2],"often":[3],"requires":[4],"long":[5,11,18],"stochastic":[6,75,138,146,168,233],"sequences":[7,58,70,172],"and,":[8],"thus,":[9],"a":[10,38,78,123,162,210,218,223],"latency":[12,19],"to":[13,21,53,191],"achieve":[14],"accurate":[15],"computation.":[16],"The":[17,82,140],"leads":[20],"an":[22,98,117,186,215,230],"inferior":[23],"performance":[24,100],"and":[25,101,111,136,159,197],"low":[26],"energy":[27,151,225],"efficiency":[28,142,226],"compared":[29,235],"with":[30,77,97,236],"most":[31],"conventional":[32,181],"binary":[33,238],"designs.":[34],"In":[35,104,127],"this":[36],"paper,":[37],"type":[39],"of":[40,56,68,74,93,120,125,143,176,179,188],"low-discrepancy":[41],"sequences,":[42],"the":[43,54,66,72,90,106,144,165,177,180],"Sobol":[44,69,86,171],"sequence,":[45],"is":[46,109,114,148,207,227],"considered":[47],"for":[48,116,133,209,229],"use":[49,55,67],"in":[50,85,122,195],"SC.":[51],"Compared":[52],"pseudorandom":[57],"generated":[59],"by":[60,150],"linear":[61],"feedback":[62],"shift":[63],"registers":[64],"(LFSRs),":[65],"improves":[71],"accuracy":[73],"computation":[76],"reduced":[79],"sequence":[80,87],"length.":[81],"inherent":[83],"feature":[84],"generators":[88,96],"enables":[89],"parallel":[91,145,167],"implementation":[92],"random":[94],"number":[95],"improved":[99],"hardware":[102,141],"efficiency.":[103],"particular,":[105],"underlying":[107],"theory":[108],"formulated":[110],"circuit":[112],"design":[113],"proposed":[115],"arbitrary":[118],"level":[119],"parallelization":[121],"power":[124],"2.":[126],"addition,":[128],"different":[129],"strategies":[130],"are":[131,202],"implemented":[132,208],"parallelizing":[134],"combinational":[135],"sequential":[137],"circuits.":[139,184],"circuits":[147,169],"measured":[149],"per":[152,156],"operation":[153],"(EPO),":[154],"throughput":[155],"area":[157],"(TPA),":[158],"runtime.":[160],"At":[161],"similar":[163,219],"accuracy,":[164],"8\u00d7":[166,231],"using":[170],"consume":[173],"approximately":[174],"1%":[175,200],"EPO":[178],"LFSR-based":[182],"nonparallelized":[183],"Meanwhile,":[185],"average":[187],"70":[189],"(up":[190],"89)":[192],"times":[193],"improvements":[194],"TPA":[196],"less":[198],"than":[199],"runtime":[201],"achieved.":[203],"A":[204],"sorting":[205],"network":[206],"median":[211],"filter":[212],"(MF)":[213],"as":[214],"application.":[216],"For":[217],"image":[220],"processing":[221],"quality,":[222],"higher":[224],"obtained":[228],"parallelized":[232],"MF":[234],"its":[237],"counterpart.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-08-30T07:30:35.949966","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
