{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2769672439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2767858","title":"Approximate Hybrid High Radix Encoding for Energy-Efficient Inexact Multipliers","display_name":"Approximate Hybrid High Radix Encoding for Energy-Efficient Inexact Multipliers","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2769672439","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2767858","mag":"2769672439"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2767858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2767858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042122147","display_name":"Vasileios Leon","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0503-8246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Leon","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0503-8246","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051495057","display_name":"Georgios Zervakis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8110-7122"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Georgios Zervakis","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8110-7122","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043131021","display_name":"Dimitrios Soudris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-6847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Soudris","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6930-6847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088085592","display_name":"Kiamal Pekmestzi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8612-2700"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kiamal Pekmestzi","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":165,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92969784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"3","first_page":"421","last_page":"430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10558","display_name":"Advancements in Semiconductor Devices and Circuit Design","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10472","display_name":"Semiconductor materials and devices","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rounding","display_name":"Rounding","score":0.7551356554031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radix","display_name":"Radix (gastropod)","score":0.6197403073310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adder","display_name":"Adder","score":0.5995995998382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.5801731944084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoding","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","score":0.5410680770874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5324960947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4956902265548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4567834138870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.44898584485054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4464782178401947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4247952699661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.418326735496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.38301795721054077}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136625980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q663208","display_name":"Rounding","level":2,"score":0.7551356554031372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779091547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287565","display_name":"Radix (gastropod)","level":2,"score":0.6197403073310852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164620267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376953","display_name":"Adder","level":3,"score":0.5995995998382568},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.5801731944084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125411270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18653","display_name":"Encoding (memory)","level":2,"score":0.5410680770874023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5324960947036743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4956902265548706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4567834138870239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.44898584485054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4464782178401947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4247952699661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.418326735496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.38301795721054077},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2767858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2767858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9100000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1518236483","https://openalex.org/W1629657260","https://openalex.org/W1841592590","https://openalex.org/W1983849809","https://openalex.org/W1986192284","https://openalex.org/W1998824039","https://openalex.org/W1999890536","https://openalex.org/W2003957094","https://openalex.org/W2005865544","https://openalex.org/W2026005150","https://openalex.org/W2065359960","https://openalex.org/W2074742680","https://openalex.org/W2081381940","https://openalex.org/W2087670726","https://openalex.org/W2099512056","https://openalex.org/W2102915015","https://openalex.org/W2104578404","https://openalex.org/W2106484393","https://openalex.org/W2111013824","https://openalex.org/W2114837206","https://openalex.org/W2121819644","https://openalex.org/W2124651102","https://openalex.org/W2126044301","https://openalex.org/W2135089667","https://openalex.org/W2150100620","https://openalex.org/W2155458498","https://openalex.org/W2323130283","https://openalex.org/W2324020321","https://openalex.org/W2461274627","https://openalex.org/W2497368240","https://openalex.org/W2589986623","https://openalex.org/W2963374099","https://openalex.org/W3116537075","https://openalex.org/W3141620748","https://openalex.org/W4230979891","https://openalex.org/W4249697915","https://openalex.org/W6638783484","https://openalex.org/W6677490153","https://openalex.org/W6682286684"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390550886","https://openalex.org/W4220780102","https://openalex.org/W2993667417","https://openalex.org/W2899196999","https://openalex.org/W2043766215","https://openalex.org/W3084720115","https://openalex.org/W4236921914","https://openalex.org/W2171373222","https://openalex.org/W2113605647","https://openalex.org/W2921918181"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Approximate":[0],"computing":[1],"forms":[2],"a":[3,123],"design":[4],"alternative":[5],"that":[6,42],"exploits":[7],"the":[8,36,44,49,54,70,88,94,98,113,117,130,155],"intrinsic":[9],"error":[10,119,150],"resilience":[11],"of":[12,78,157],"various":[13],"applications":[14],"and":[15,53,106],"produces":[16],"energy-efficient":[17],"circuits":[18],"with":[19,48,58,93,126,135],"small":[20],"accuracy":[21],"loss.":[22],"In":[23],"this":[24],"paper,":[25],"we":[26,153],"propose":[27],"an":[28,59],"approximate":[29,60],"hybrid":[30],"high":[31,71],"radix":[32,62,72],"encoding":[33,52],"for":[34,148],"generating":[35],"partial":[37],"products":[38],"in":[39,145],"signed":[40],"multiplications":[41],"encodes":[43],"most":[45],"significant":[46,56],"bits":[47,57],"accurate":[50,95],"radix-4":[51,96],"least":[55],"higher":[61],"encoding.":[63],"The":[64,80],"approximations":[65],"are":[66,133],"performed":[67],"by":[68,122,141],"rounding":[69],"values":[73],"to":[74,86,103,143],"their":[75],"nearest":[76],"power":[77],"two.":[79],"proposed":[81,99,131],"technique":[82],"can":[83],"be":[84],"configured":[85],"achieve":[87],"desired":[89],"energy-accuracy":[90],"tradeoffs.":[91],"Compared":[92],"multiplier,":[97],"multipliers":[100,132],"deliver":[101],"up":[102,142],"56%":[104],"energy":[105,146],"55%":[107],"area":[108],"savings,":[109],"when":[110],"operating":[111],"at":[112],"same":[114],"frequency,":[115],"while":[116],"imposed":[118],"is":[120],"bounded":[121],"Gaussian":[124],"distribution":[125],"near-zero":[127],"average.":[128],"Moreover,":[129],"compared":[134],"state-of-the-art":[136],"inexact":[137],"multipliers,":[138],"outperforming":[139],"them":[140],"40%":[144],"consumption,":[147],"similar":[149],"values.":[151],"Finally,":[152],"demonstrate":[154],"scalability":[156],"our":[158],"technique.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}