{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2724820326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2715188","title":"Using Scan Side Channel to Detect IP Theft","display_name":"Using Scan Side Channel to Detect IP Theft","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2724820326","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2715188","mag":"2724820326"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2715188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2715188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055334358","display_name":"Leonid Azriel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1603-1365"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leonid Azriel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","[Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010407295","display_name":"Ran Ginosar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ran Ginosar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","[Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061975828","display_name":"Shay Gueron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9145-7609"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1311688040","display_name":"Amazon (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91203450","display_name":"University of Haifa","ror":"https://ror.org/02f009v59","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}],"countries":["IL","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shay Gueron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Amazon Web Services, Seattle, WA, USA","Department of Mathematics, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel","Amazon Web Services, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon Web Services, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91203450"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Amazon Web Services, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Mathematics, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1311688040","https://openalex.org/I91203450"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089135250","display_name":"Avi Mendelson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4274-6866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174306211","display_name":"Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03qryx823","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Avi Mendelson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","[Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion\u2014Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Andrew and Erna Viterbi Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Technion \u2013 Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055334358"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174306211"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8025,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86355519,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"12","first_page":"3268","last_page":"3280"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14117","display_name":"Integrated Circuits and Semiconductor Failure Analysis","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7492517232894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.6630641222000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.5322461128234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combinational-logic","display_name":"Combinational logic","score":0.5036746859550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.47423169016838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/side-channel-attack","display_name":"Side channel attack","score":0.4737815856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.4282247722148895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.40358108282089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.38671594858169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3788095712661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logic-gate","display_name":"Logic gate","score":0.36428117752075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.35905224084854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2934713363647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptography","display_name":"Cryptography","score":0.22929280996322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.19220319390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.1917521059513092}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7492517232894897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.6630641222000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.5322461128234863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81409106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76505","display_name":"Combinational logic","level":3,"score":0.5036746859550476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.47423169016838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49289754","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2267081","display_name":"Side channel attack","level":3,"score":0.4737815856933594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.4282247722148895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.40358108282089233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.38671594858169556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3788095712661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131017901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170451","display_name":"Logic gate","level":2,"score":0.36428117752075195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.35905224084854126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2934713363647461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178489894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8789","display_name":"Cryptography","level":2,"score":0.22929280996322632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.19220319390296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.1917521059513092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2715188","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2715188","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1517585663","https://openalex.org/W1580838017","https://openalex.org/W1811921100","https://openalex.org/W1891181203","https://openalex.org/W1965439936","https://openalex.org/W1987339131","https://openalex.org/W2003105949","https://openalex.org/W2006834720","https://openalex.org/W2010903499","https://openalex.org/W2029979276","https://openalex.org/W2052561647","https://openalex.org/W2070402310","https://openalex.org/W2075187070","https://openalex.org/W2089923519","https://openalex.org/W2103468612","https://openalex.org/W2114336390","https://openalex.org/W2116590916","https://openalex.org/W2119147593","https://openalex.org/W2122111125","https://openalex.org/W2123825121","https://openalex.org/W2124618076","https://openalex.org/W2130839375","https://openalex.org/W2141715577","https://openalex.org/W2144980381","https://openalex.org/W2147519736","https://openalex.org/W2152337373","https://openalex.org/W2155450755","https://openalex.org/W2164152592","https://openalex.org/W2166778460","https://openalex.org/W2293877751","https://openalex.org/W2295021037","https://openalex.org/W2614309166","https://openalex.org/W2894806357","https://openalex.org/W3102754027","https://openalex.org/W4206794571","https://openalex.org/W4234154886"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2369048989","https://openalex.org/W2142488199","https://openalex.org/W2387794751","https://openalex.org/W2367131347","https://openalex.org/W2031031029","https://openalex.org/W4286233224","https://openalex.org/W2539870919","https://openalex.org/W2074526596","https://openalex.org/W2169337913","https://openalex.org/W4242010157"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,205],"the":[1,29,39,56,60,66,75,83,92,118,125,129,139,156,159,180,185,188,192,196,201,208,212,243],"growing":[2],"heterogeneous":[3],"Internet":[4],"of":[5,12,31,65,82,102,124,131,158,166,187,195,211,220],"Things":[6],"market,":[7],"which":[8],"embraces":[9],"a":[10,20,26,78,163,218,228],"plurality":[11],"vendors":[13],"and":[14,99,199,223],"service":[15],"providers,":[16],"IP":[17,32,135,150,213],"protection":[18],"plays":[19],"central":[21],"role.":[22],"This":[23,121],"paper":[24],"proposes":[25],"process":[27],"for":[28,45],"detection":[30],"theft":[33],"in":[34,59],"VLSI":[35],"devices":[36],"that":[37,116,238],"exploits":[38],"internal":[40,57,84],"test":[41,47,164],"scan":[42,50],"chains,":[43],"designed":[44],"production":[46],"automation.":[48],"The":[49,86,134],"chains":[51],"supply":[52],"direct":[53,209],"access":[54],"to":[55,128,146,207],"registers":[58],"device,":[61],"enabling":[62],"combinational":[63,103],"analysis":[64],"device":[67],"logic.":[68],"By":[69],"using":[70,91],"Boolean":[71],"function":[72,126],"learning":[73],"methods,":[74],"learner":[76],"creates":[77],"partial":[79],"dependence":[80],"graph":[81,87,96],"flip-flops.":[85],"is":[88],"further":[89],"partitioned":[90],"shared":[93],"nearest":[94],"neighbors":[95],"clustering":[97],"method,":[98,182],"individual":[100],"blocks":[101,108,115],"logic":[104],"are":[105],"isolated.":[106],"These":[107],"can":[109,137,239],"be":[110,240],"matched":[111],"with":[112,142,162,235,242],"known":[113],"building":[114],"compose":[117],"original":[119],"function.":[120],"enables":[122],"reconstruction":[123],"implementation":[127,145],"level":[130],"pipeline":[132,236],"structure.":[133],"owner":[136],"compare":[138],"resulting":[140],"structure":[141],"his":[143],"own":[144],"confirm":[147],"whether":[148],"an":[149,167],"violation":[151],"has":[152],"occurred.":[153],"We":[154,226],"demonstrate":[155,217],"power":[157],"presented":[160,181],"approach":[161],"case":[165],"open":[168],"source":[169],"Bitcoin":[170],"SHA-256":[171,197],"accelerator,":[172],"containing":[173],"more":[174],"than":[175],"80":[176],"000":[177],"registers.":[178],"With":[179],"we":[183,215],"discover":[184],"microarchitecture":[186],"module,":[189],"locate":[190],"all":[191],"main":[193],"components":[194],"algorithm,":[198],"learn":[200],"module's":[202],"flow":[203],"control.":[204],"addition":[206],"recognition":[210],"content,":[214],"also":[216],"combination":[219],"reverse":[221,245],"engineering":[222,246],"watermark":[224,230,232],"methods.":[225],"define":[227],"new":[229],"structure-pipeline-associated":[231],"(PAW),":[233],"combined":[234],"stages":[237],"detected":[241],"scan-based":[244],"method.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
