{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2219959730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2654298","title":"VLSI Implementation of Deep Neural Network Using Integral Stochastic Computing","display_name":"VLSI Implementation of Deep Neural Network Using Integral Stochastic Computing","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2219959730","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2654298","mag":"2219959730"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2654298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2654298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.08972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064497251","display_name":"Arash Ardakani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3274-2394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Arash Ardakani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038571252","display_name":"Fran\u00e7ois Leduc-Primeau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5528-8510"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127572","display_name":"IMT Atlantique","ror":"https://ror.org/030hj3061","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205703379","https://openalex.org/I4210127572"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA","FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francois Leduc-Primeau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","Electronics Department, IMT Atlantique, Brest, France"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronics Department, IMT Atlantique, Brest, France","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127572"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049740452","display_name":"Naoya Onizawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4855-7081"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naoya Onizawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062434040","display_name":"Takahiro Hanyu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4397-8290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201537933","display_name":"Tohoku University","ror":"https://ror.org/01dq60k83","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takahiro Hanyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201537933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091600002","display_name":"Warren J. Gross","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6226-6037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Warren J. Gross","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5064497251"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.5224,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":255,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99627357,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"10","first_page":"2688","last_page":"2699"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11321","display_name":"Error Correcting Code Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11612","display_name":"Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques","score":0.9933000206947327,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10964","display_name":"Wireless Communication Security Techniques","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-computing","display_name":"Stochastic computing","score":0.9146201610565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.761823296546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.55935138463974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5029351115226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reduction","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","score":0.47939276695251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/very-large-scale-integration","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","score":0.4762004613876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.473786324262619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.436295747756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4253327250480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.42153021693229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4161977767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-engineering","display_name":"Computer engineering","score":0.41246452927589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.38630980253219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-architecture","display_name":"Computer architecture","score":0.3462023437023163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.18267729878425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.14869728684425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12917479872703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.11333772540092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08053940534591675}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780971903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2933705","display_name":"Stochastic computing","level":3,"score":0.9146201610565186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.761823296546936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.55935138463974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5029351115226746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111335779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454686","display_name":"Reduction (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.47939276695251465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14580979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q876049","display_name":"Very-large-scale integration","level":2,"score":0.4762004613876343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.473786324262619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.436295747756958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4253327250480652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.42153021693229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4161977767944336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113775141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428691","display_name":"Computer engineering","level":1,"score":0.41246452927589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.38630980253219604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118524514","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173212","display_name":"Computer architecture","level":1,"score":0.3462023437023163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.18267729878425598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.14869728684425354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12917479872703552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.11333772540092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08053940534591675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2654298","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2017.2654298","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1509.08972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.08972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.08972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:publications.polymtl.ca:41589","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://publications.polymtl.ca/41589/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401013","display_name":"PolyPublie (\u00c9cole Polytechnique de Montr\u00e9al)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45683168","host_organization_name":"Polytechnique Montr\u00e9al","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45683168"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article de revue"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1509.08972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1509.08972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1509.08972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1492108786","https://openalex.org/W1536929369","https://openalex.org/W1547380884","https://openalex.org/W1587057759","https://openalex.org/W1594730842","https://openalex.org/W1605674139","https://openalex.org/W1968016286","https://openalex.org/W1970289822","https://openalex.org/W1972120712","https://openalex.org/W2010052203","https://openalex.org/W2010340098","https://openalex.org/W2010588734","https://openalex.org/W2027269053","https://openalex.org/W2029356595","https://openalex.org/W2032548797","https://openalex.org/W2071168477","https://openalex.org/W2077344647","https://openalex.org/W2084997728","https://openalex.org/W2088079057","https://openalex.org/W2095463005","https://openalex.org/W2098470668","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2100717332","https://openalex.org/W2101765144","https://openalex.org/W2107240838","https://openalex.org/W2107709056","https://openalex.org/W2122221396","https://openalex.org/W2122569148","https://openalex.org/W2129868601","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2144024329","https://openalex.org/W2147768505","https://openalex.org/W2151770284","https://openalex.org/W2171318387","https://openalex.org/W2219959730","https://openalex.org/W2323234897","https://openalex.org/W2963547509","https://openalex.org/W2964013416","https://openalex.org/W6642825288","https://openalex.org/W6657903211","https://openalex.org/W6921331664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2753188468","https://openalex.org/W4226092179","https://openalex.org/W4306791972","https://openalex.org/W2910319223","https://openalex.org/W4390846322","https://openalex.org/W3212867030","https://openalex.org/W1740594162","https://openalex.org/W2946056769","https://openalex.org/W4205483694","https://openalex.org/W4285818394"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,97],"hardware":[1,23,54],"implementation":[2,89,162,180,194],"of":[3,76,90,172],"deep":[4],"neural":[5],"networks":[6],"(DNNs)":[7],"has":[8,47,100],"recently":[9],"received":[10],"tremendous":[11],"attention:":[12],"many":[13],"applications":[14],"in":[15,110,116,126,134,149,154,185],"fact":[16],"require":[17,61],"high-speed":[18],"operations":[19],"that":[20,64,142,181],"suit":[21],"a":[22,36,91,104,135,178],"implementation.":[24],"However,":[25],"numerous":[26],"elements":[27],"and":[28,40,79,112,118,139],"complex":[29],"interconnections":[30],"are":[31],"usually":[32],"required,":[33],"leading":[34],"to":[35,151,169,190],"large":[37],"area":[38,117],"occupation":[39],"copious":[41],"power":[42],"consumption.":[43],"Stochastic":[44],"computing":[45],"(SC)":[46],"shown":[48],"promising":[49],"results":[50,148],"for":[51],"low-power":[52],"area-efficient":[53],"implementations,":[55],"even":[56],"though":[57],"existing":[58],"stochastic":[59,77,146,173],"algorithms":[60],"long":[62,66],"streams":[63],"cause":[65],"latencies.":[67],"In":[68],"this":[69],"paper,":[70],"we":[71,140,175],"propose":[72,86],"an":[73,87],"integer":[74],"form":[75],"computation":[78],"introduce":[80],"some":[81],"elementary":[82],"circuits.":[83],"We":[84,129],"then":[85],"efficient":[88],"DNN":[92],"based":[93],"on":[94,103,198],"integral":[95,145],"SC.":[96],"proposed":[98,144],"architecture":[99,125,147],"been":[101],"implemented":[102],"Virtex7":[105],"field-programmable":[106],"gate":[107],"array,":[108],"resulting":[109],"45%":[111],"62%":[113],"average":[114],"reductions":[115],"latency":[119],"compared":[120,157],"with":[121,158,188],"the":[122,127,132,143,159,164,191],"best":[123],"reported":[124],"literature.":[128],"also":[130,176],"synthesize":[131],"circuits":[133],"65-nm":[136],"CMOS":[137],"technology,":[138],"show":[141],"up":[150],"21%":[152],"reduction":[153,184],"energy":[155,186],"consumption":[156,187],"binary":[160,192],"radix":[161,193],"at":[163],"same":[165],"misclassification":[166],"rate.":[167],"Due":[168],"fault-tolerant":[170],"nature":[171],"architectures,":[174],"consider":[177],"quasi-synchronous":[179],"yields":[182],"33%":[183],"respect":[189],"without":[195],"any":[196],"compromise":[197],"performance.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":44},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}