{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2560292000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2016.2633004","title":"A Smaller, Faster, and More Energy-Efficient Complementary STT-MRAM Cell Uses Three Transistors and a Ground Grid: More Is Actually Less","display_name":"A Smaller, Faster, and More Energy-Efficient Complementary STT-MRAM Cell Uses Three Transistors and a Ground Grid: More Is Actually Less","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-12-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2560292000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2016.2633004","mag":"2560292000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2016.2633004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2016.2633004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061542674","display_name":"Raf Appeltans","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1617-8228"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raf Appeltans","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","imec, Leuven, Belgium","Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1617-8228","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113820250","display_name":"Praveen Raghavan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Praveen Raghavan","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","[Imec Leuven, Belgium.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Imec Leuven, Belgium.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080181961","display_name":"Gouri Sankar Kar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3122-4237"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gouri Sankar Kar","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","[Imec Leuven, Belgium.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Imec Leuven, Belgium.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074053801","display_name":"A. Furn\u00e9mont","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arnaud Furnemont","raw_affiliation_strings":["imec, Leuven, Belgium","[Imec Leuven, Belgium.]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Imec Leuven, Belgium.]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016605260","display_name":"Liesbet Van der Perre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9158-9628"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liesbet Van der Perre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","Department of Electrical engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076274517","display_name":"Wim Dehaene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6792-7965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114974","display_name":"IMEC","ror":"https://ror.org/02kcbn207","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wim Dehaene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","imec, Leuven, Belgium","Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; imec, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114974","https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8193,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7610964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"4","first_page":"1204","last_page":"1214"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.8518351316452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transistor","display_name":"Transistor","score":0.7953813076019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tunnel-magnetoresistance","display_name":"Tunnel magnetoresistance","score":0.5893420577049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5784623622894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bistability","display_name":"Bistability","score":0.5207859873771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4865368902683258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.4495597183704376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-transfer-torque","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","score":0.4347204864025116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-volatile-memory","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","score":0.4214567244052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.41740667819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.3337065577507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.3236825466156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.32316815853118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.22352734208106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.17791447043418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.15917488932609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15266239643096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.14460325241088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetization","display_name":"Magnetization","score":0.10918828845024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.10457861423492432}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.8518351316452026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172385210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5339","display_name":"Transistor","level":3,"score":0.7953813076019287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56202322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1884383","display_name":"Tunnel magnetoresistance","level":3,"score":0.5893420577049255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5784623622894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97292510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2304620","display_name":"Bistability","level":2,"score":0.5207859873771667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4865368902683258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.4495597183704376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C609986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844840","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","level":4,"score":0.4347204864025116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177950962","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10997658","display_name":"Non-volatile memory","level":2,"score":0.4214567244052887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41740667819976807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.3337065577507019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.3236825466156006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.32316815853118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.22352734208106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.17791447043418884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.15917488932609558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15266239643096924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.14460325241088867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.10918828845024109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.10457861423492432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2016.2633004","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2016.2633004","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/610000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/567602/1/TransVLSI_STTMRAM.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055369","display_name":"Lirias","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 25 (4), Art.No. 4, (1204-1214)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963235414","https://openalex.org/W1964504828","https://openalex.org/W1966797259","https://openalex.org/W1978532023","https://openalex.org/W1988431200","https://openalex.org/W1994065394","https://openalex.org/W2006503955","https://openalex.org/W2016380349","https://openalex.org/W2042147384","https://openalex.org/W2061720794","https://openalex.org/W2094500082","https://openalex.org/W2100088734","https://openalex.org/W2105034100","https://openalex.org/W2166311875","https://openalex.org/W2306457024","https://openalex.org/W4239242923","https://openalex.org/W6665752079","https://openalex.org/W6675050829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2034593071","https://openalex.org/W1977755618","https://openalex.org/W3136027979","https://openalex.org/W1970094457","https://openalex.org/W4226197542","https://openalex.org/W4231059390","https://openalex.org/W2543376619","https://openalex.org/W2490184523","https://openalex.org/W2289300168","https://openalex.org/W2342993049"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Spin-transfer":[0],"torque":[1],"magnetoresistance":[2],"random":[3,12],"access":[4,13,49],"memory":[5,14],"is":[6],"a":[7,86,90,138],"major":[8],"contender":[9],"for":[10,64],"static":[11],"replacement":[15],"in":[16],"embedded":[17],"caches":[18,67],"at":[19],"advanced":[20],"fin":[21],"field":[22],"effect":[23],"transistor":[24,93],"nodes.":[25],"It":[26],"suffers,":[27],"however,":[28],"from":[29],"the":[30,35,39,59,75,111,115,120,128,154,176,184,188,195,202,211],"low":[31,65],"resistance":[32,47],"difference":[33],"between":[34],"bistable":[36],"states":[37],"of":[38,61,175,183],"magnetic":[40],"tunnel":[41],"junction":[42],"(MTJ).":[43],"Variability":[44],"on":[45,74],"MTJ":[46,178],"and":[48,89,95,106,152,172,180,193,206],"transistors":[50,151,171],"makes":[51],"reliable":[52],"read-out":[53],"even":[54],"more":[55],"challenging.":[56],"This":[57,71,186],"triggered":[58],"use":[60],"complementary":[62,181],"cells":[63],"level":[66,77],"needing":[68],"high":[69],"performance.":[70],"paper,":[72],"focusing":[73],"lower":[76],"caches,":[78],"shows":[79],"an":[80],"improved":[81,116],"3T":[82],"2MTJ":[83,130,204],"cell":[84,121,205],"with":[85,127,201,210],"ground":[87],"grid":[88],"novel":[91,143,162],"three":[92,113,150,170],"read":[94,146],"write":[96,104,107,165,189,196],"operation":[97,147,166,182],"to":[98,159],"improve":[99],"area":[100,122],"density,":[101],"sense":[102,155],"margin,":[103],"performance,":[105],"energy":[108,197],"consumption.":[109],"Despite":[110],"cell's":[112],"transistors,":[114],"array":[117],"configuration":[118],"reduces":[119,194],"by":[123,157,191,198,207],"22%":[124],"as":[125],"compared":[126,200,209],"2T":[129,203],"cell,":[131],"making":[132],"it":[133],"only":[134],"55%":[135],"larger":[136],"than":[137],"1T":[139,212],"1MTJ":[140,213],"cell.":[141,185,214],"The":[142,161],"mismatch":[144],"tolerant":[145],"uses":[148,168],"all":[149,169],"increases":[153,187],"margin":[156],"up":[158],"88%.":[160],"variation":[163],"resilient":[164],"also":[167],"takes":[173],"advantage":[174],"inherent":[177],"characteristics":[179],"performance":[190],"2\u00d7":[192],"3\u00d7":[199],"1.5\u00d7":[208]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
