{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2345302610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2512839","title":"Two-State Checkpointing for Energy-Efficient Fault Tolerance in Hard Real-Time Systems","display_name":"Two-State Checkpointing for Energy-Efficient Fault Tolerance in Hard Real-Time Systems","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2345302610","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2512839","mag":"2345302610"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2512839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2512839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102772504","display_name":"M T Zahraei Salehi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6675-7231"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Salehi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034212925","display_name":"Mohammad Khavari Tavana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-4908"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammad Khavari Tavana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058712739","display_name":"Semeen Rehman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8972-0949"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Semeen Rehman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005190949","display_name":"Muhammad Shafique","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2607-8135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Shafique","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005928293","display_name":"Alireza Ejlali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5661-3629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133529467","display_name":"Sharif University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/024c2fq17","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alireza Ejlali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063508488","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henkel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9602-2922"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102335020","display_name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04t3en479","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102335020","https://openalex.org/I1305996414"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jorg Henkel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102335020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102772504"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133529467"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.3737,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92577543,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"7","first_page":"2426","last_page":"2437"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10933","display_name":"Real-Time Systems Scheduling","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.7456305027008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6904712319374084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rollback","display_name":"Rollback","score":0.6873037815093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.6420443654060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.5635407567024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.549060046672821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.4959801137447357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.49177125096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4704042077064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.4676154851913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.4522446393966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.38796043395996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.2581433057785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.18445342779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.15781211853027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1574731171131134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09937173128128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07166054844856262}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.7456305027008057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6904712319374084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174220543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395307","display_name":"Rollback","level":3,"score":0.6873037815093994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6420443654060364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.5635407567024231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.549060046672821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.4959801137447357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.49177125096321106},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4704042077064514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.4676154851913452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.4522446393966675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.38796043395996094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.2581433057785034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.18445342779159546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.15781211853027344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1574731171131134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09937173128128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07166054844856262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2512839","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2512839","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W102473997","https://openalex.org/W128180137","https://openalex.org/W1488202922","https://openalex.org/W1556221539","https://openalex.org/W1684672183","https://openalex.org/W1686420892","https://openalex.org/W1966433652","https://openalex.org/W1978289678","https://openalex.org/W1986009243","https://openalex.org/W1987991317","https://openalex.org/W1995958648","https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2017092882","https://openalex.org/W2021324492","https://openalex.org/W2037506229","https://openalex.org/W2081215702","https://openalex.org/W2083004950","https://openalex.org/W2087556130","https://openalex.org/W2102905107","https://openalex.org/W2105821128","https://openalex.org/W2109315204","https://openalex.org/W2123331260","https://openalex.org/W2125511829","https://openalex.org/W2128941141","https://openalex.org/W2129300220","https://openalex.org/W2129738780","https://openalex.org/W2139613807","https://openalex.org/W2147435261","https://openalex.org/W2157829896","https://openalex.org/W2159394089","https://openalex.org/W2165646063","https://openalex.org/W2165777512","https://openalex.org/W2171382532","https://openalex.org/W2289568068","https://openalex.org/W2621879533","https://openalex.org/W4250470202","https://openalex.org/W4253126300","https://openalex.org/W4253207971","https://openalex.org/W6637151178","https://openalex.org/W6649450093","https://openalex.org/W6680717467"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2075454349","https://openalex.org/W2145855242","https://openalex.org/W2103295733","https://openalex.org/W1862835629","https://openalex.org/W2099111379","https://openalex.org/W2136799148","https://openalex.org/W2897533804","https://openalex.org/W1993210935","https://openalex.org/W2890506991","https://openalex.org/W1981030524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Checkpointing":[0],"with":[1,98,174,198,214],"rollback":[2],"recovery":[3],"is":[4,75,111],"a":[5,40],"well-established":[6],"technique":[7],"to":[8,130,206],"tolerate":[9],"transient":[10],"faults.":[11],"However,":[12],"it":[13],"incurs":[14],"significant":[15],"time":[16,119,133,139,189],"and":[17,27,56,60,154,185,190,203],"energy":[18,142,191,211],"overheads,":[19],"which":[20],"go":[21],"wasted":[22],"in":[23,33,95,144,183],"fault-free":[24,55,96,145],"execution":[25,58,132,188],"states":[26,59],"may":[28],"not":[29],"even":[30],"be":[31],"feasible":[32],"hard":[34,48],"real-time":[35,49],"systems.":[36,50],"This":[37,181],"paper":[38],"presents":[39],"low-overhead":[41],"two-state":[42],"checkpointing":[43],"(TsCp)":[44],"scheme":[45],"for":[46,67,134,141],"fault-tolerant":[47],"It":[51],"differentiates":[52],"between":[53],"the":[54,99,103,118,121,166,215],"faulty":[57,135],"leverages":[61],"two":[62,69],"types":[63],"of":[64,101,105,168],"checkpoint":[65,93,106],"intervals":[66,77,87,113],"these":[68],"different":[70],"states.":[71,146],"The":[72,108],"first":[73,122],"type":[74,110],"nonuniform":[76],"that":[78,114,162],"are":[79,88,115,126],"used":[80,116],"while":[81,177],"no":[82],"fault":[83,123,179],"has":[84],"occurred.":[85],"These":[86],"determined":[89,127],"based":[90],"on":[91,149,171,209],"postponing":[92],"insertions":[94],"states,":[97,136],"aim":[100],"decreasing":[102],"number":[104,167],"insertions.":[107],"second":[109],"uniform":[112],"from":[117],"when":[120],"occurs.":[124],"They":[125],"so":[128],"as":[129],"minimize":[131],"leaving":[137],"more":[138],"available":[140],"management":[143],"Experimental":[147],"evaluation":[148],"an":[150,155],"embedded":[151],"processor":[152],"(LEON3)":[153],"emerging":[156],"nonvolatile":[157],"memory":[158],"technology":[159],"(ReRAM)":[160],"illustrates":[161],"TsCp":[163,197],"significantly":[164],"reduces":[165],"checkpoints":[169],"(62%":[170],"average)":[172,210],"compared":[173,213],"previous":[175],"works,":[176],"preserving":[178],"tolerance.":[180],"results":[182],"14%":[184],"13%":[186],"reduced":[187],"consumption,":[192],"respectively.":[193],"Furthermore,":[194],"we":[195],"combine":[196],"dynamic":[199],"voltage":[200],"scaling":[201],"(DVS)":[202],"achieve":[204],"up":[205],"26%":[207],"(21%":[208],"saving":[212],"state-of-the-art":[216],"techniques.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}