{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1712657869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2475167","title":"A Low-Cost, Radiation-Hardened Method for Pipeline Protection in Microprocessors","display_name":"A Low-Cost, Radiation-Hardened Method for Pipeline Protection in Microprocessors","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1712657869","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2475167","mag":"1712657869"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2475167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2475167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063723352","display_name":"Lin Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6910-2596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","Department of Electronics and Computer ScienceFaculty of Physical Science and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer ScienceFaculty of Physical Science and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077466475","display_name":"Mark Zwoli\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2230-625X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Zwolinski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","Department of Electronics and Computer ScienceFaculty of Physical Science and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer ScienceFaculty of Physical Science and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002449223","display_name":"Basel Halak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3470-7226"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Basel Halak","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","Department of Electronics and Computer ScienceFaculty of Physical Science and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Computer ScienceFaculty of Physical Science and Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4435,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82561894,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"5","first_page":"1688","last_page":"1701"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-error","display_name":"Soft error","score":0.8087496161460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.7721278667449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6208562254905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.5696859359741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/error-detection-and-correction","display_name":"Error detection and correction","score":0.5289352536201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.5253517031669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triple-modular-redundancy","display_name":"Triple modular redundancy","score":0.49575814604759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microprocessor","display_name":"Microprocessor","score":0.49046823382377625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline-transport","display_name":"Pipeline transport","score":0.4667418599128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.4593278765678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.45091256499290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.372717022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3201315999031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.2481802999973297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21015194058418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.07281720638275146}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154474529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1658917","display_name":"Soft error","level":2,"score":0.8087496161460876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.7721278667449951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6208562254905701},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5696859359741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103088060","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062839","display_name":"Error detection and correction","level":2,"score":0.5289352536201477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.5253517031669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196371267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3998979","display_name":"Triple modular redundancy","level":3,"score":0.49575814604759216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780728072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5297","display_name":"Microprocessor","level":2,"score":0.49046823382377625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175309249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725864","display_name":"Pipeline transport","level":2,"score":0.4667418599128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.4593278765678406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.45091256499290466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.372717022895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3201315999031067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.2481802999973297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21015194058418274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.07281720638275146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87717796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q146326","display_name":"Environmental engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2475167","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2475167","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.soton.ac.uk:381050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401019","display_name":"ePrints Soton (University of Southampton)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","host_organization_name":"University of Southampton","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5699999928474426}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1488479391","https://openalex.org/W1541483005","https://openalex.org/W1975904133","https://openalex.org/W1980433502","https://openalex.org/W1984096314","https://openalex.org/W2013185880","https://openalex.org/W2029293703","https://openalex.org/W2031547998","https://openalex.org/W2050431855","https://openalex.org/W2060447964","https://openalex.org/W2067829530","https://openalex.org/W2070190190","https://openalex.org/W2075680480","https://openalex.org/W2079492534","https://openalex.org/W2079586834","https://openalex.org/W2088852438","https://openalex.org/W2097018539","https://openalex.org/W2101838114","https://openalex.org/W2104677471","https://openalex.org/W2107635292","https://openalex.org/W2111607338","https://openalex.org/W2113626924","https://openalex.org/W2122680347","https://openalex.org/W2125424208","https://openalex.org/W2126481660","https://openalex.org/W2142557656","https://openalex.org/W2143279430","https://openalex.org/W2145064068","https://openalex.org/W2151802820","https://openalex.org/W2162465831","https://openalex.org/W2165087208","https://openalex.org/W2178304595","https://openalex.org/W4229741704","https://openalex.org/W4229966209","https://openalex.org/W4236432903","https://openalex.org/W6669397871"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2000379092","https://openalex.org/W2152497502","https://openalex.org/W2085138612","https://openalex.org/W1749592617","https://openalex.org/W2537369590","https://openalex.org/W2184926577","https://openalex.org/W2116473596","https://openalex.org/W3184123971","https://openalex.org/W2040421909","https://openalex.org/W2007710086"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,61,98,133],"aggressive":[1],"scaling":[2],"of":[3,22,79,127,166,181,186],"semiconductor":[4],"technology":[5],"has":[6],"significantly":[7],"increased":[8],"the":[9,19,27,38,76,80,90,95,124,128,139,146,161,167,170,187,191],"radiation-induced":[10],"soft-error":[11],"rate":[12],"in":[13,105,109],"modern":[14,23],"microprocessors.":[15],"Meanwhile,":[16,160],"due":[17],"to":[18,93,122,175],"increasing":[20],"complexity":[21],"processor":[24],"pipelines":[25],"and":[26,52,69,117,155,163],"limited":[28],"error-tolerance":[29,125],"capabilities":[30,165],"that":[31,136],"previous":[32,192],"radiation":[33],"hardening":[34],"techniques":[35,140],"can":[36],"provide,":[37],"existing":[39],"pipeline":[40,54,63,100,131,172,188,193],"protection":[41,55,101,173,194],"mechanisms":[42],"cannot":[43],"achieve":[44],"complete":[45,51],"protection.":[46],"This":[47],"paper":[48],"proposes":[49],"a":[50,58,110,177],"cost-effective":[53],"mechanism":[56,85],"using":[57],"self-checking":[59,73,148,164],"architecture.":[60],"radiation-hardened":[62],"is":[64,86,103,120],"achieved":[65],"by":[66],"incorporating":[67],"soft-error-":[68],"timing-error-tolerant":[70],"flip-flop":[71],"(SETTOFF)-based":[72],"cells":[74,78],"into":[75],"sequential":[77],"pipeline.":[81],"A":[82,113],"replay":[83],"recovery":[84],"also":[87],"developed":[88],"at":[89],"architectural":[91],"level":[92,180],"recover":[94],"detected":[96],"errors.":[97],"proposed":[99,129,171],"technique":[102,119,149,174],"implemented":[104],"an":[106],"OpenRISC":[107],"microprocessor":[108],"65-nm":[111],"technology.":[112],"gate-level":[114],"transient":[115],"fault-injection":[116],"analysis":[118],"used":[121],"evaluate":[123],"capability":[126],"hardened":[130],"design.":[132],"results":[134],"show":[135],"compared":[137,189],"with":[138,190],"such":[141],"as":[142],"triple":[143],"modular":[144],"redundancy,":[145],"SETTOFF-based":[147],"requires":[150],"over":[151],"30%":[152],"less":[153,157],"area":[154],"80%":[156],"power":[158],"overheads.":[159],"error-tolerant":[162],"register":[168],"allow":[169],"provide":[176],"noticeably":[178],"higher":[179],"reliability":[182],"for":[183],"different":[184],"parts":[185],"techniques.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-23T08:03:31.855105","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
