{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2128400933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2401577","title":"Reducing Switching Latency and Energy in STT-MRAM Caches With Field-Assisted Writing","display_name":"Reducing Switching Latency and Energy in STT-MRAM Caches With Field-Assisted Writing","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-03-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2128400933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2401577","mag":"2128400933"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2401577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2401577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077724585","display_name":"Ravi B. Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5037-5554"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ravi Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028757963","display_name":"Xiaochen Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7704-0412"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaochen Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101685529","display_name":"Qing Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1330-0251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032587556","display_name":"Engin \u0130pek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2809-5809"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Engin Ipek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053517349","display_name":"Eby G. Friedman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-7160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5388228","display_name":"University of Rochester","ror":"https://ror.org/022kthw22","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eby G. Friedman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077724585"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5388228"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4285,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89313984,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"1","first_page":"129","last_page":"138"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetoresistive-random-access-memory","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","score":0.9365636110305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cache","display_name":"Cache","score":0.726476788520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-random-access-memory","display_name":"Static random-access memory","score":0.5822811126708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5455152988433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin-transfer-torque","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","score":0.5334370732307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latency","display_name":"Latency (audio)","score":0.5295864939689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.49965333938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4409819543361664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racetrack-memory","display_name":"Racetrack memory","score":0.4206123948097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3470682203769684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.2935013771057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2724268436431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.23633530735969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-access-memory","display_name":"Random access memory","score":0.23328715562820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1692974865436554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.15566831827163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11336225271224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-memory","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","score":0.10653746128082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-management","display_name":"Memory management","score":0.09386885166168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetization","display_name":"Magnetization","score":0.07943108677864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06125372648239136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46891859","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061546","display_name":"Magnetoresistive random-access memory","level":3,"score":0.9365636110305786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115537543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165596","display_name":"Cache","level":2,"score":0.726476788520813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68043766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267416","display_name":"Static random-access memory","level":2,"score":0.5822811126708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5455152988433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C609986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844840","display_name":"Spin-transfer torque","level":4,"score":0.5334370732307434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C82876162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17096504","display_name":"Latency (audio)","level":2,"score":0.5295864939689636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.49965333938598633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4409819543361664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43363307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1651623","display_name":"Racetrack memory","level":5,"score":0.4206123948097229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3470682203769684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.2935013771057129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2724268436431885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.23633530735969543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994168587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5295","display_name":"Random access memory","level":2,"score":0.23328715562820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1692974865436554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.15566831827163696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11336225271224976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98986596","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1143031","display_name":"Semiconductor memory","level":2,"score":0.10653746128082275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176649486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2308807","display_name":"Memory management","level":3,"score":0.09386885166168213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.07943108677864075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06125372648239136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63511323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908936","display_name":"Interleaved memory","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2401577","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2015.2401577","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2625907936","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1329374","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8634237930","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-1054179","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W562905052","https://openalex.org/W1484680631","https://openalex.org/W1527190934","https://openalex.org/W1975768262","https://openalex.org/W1991821708","https://openalex.org/W2005522813","https://openalex.org/W2010202670","https://openalex.org/W2017503133","https://openalex.org/W2025423033","https://openalex.org/W2026389667","https://openalex.org/W2031539925","https://openalex.org/W2042076387","https://openalex.org/W2056347004","https://openalex.org/W2069345435","https://openalex.org/W2086077121","https://openalex.org/W2096445739","https://openalex.org/W2102449048","https://openalex.org/W2105102111","https://openalex.org/W2105175332","https://openalex.org/W2105401464","https://openalex.org/W2120699192","https://openalex.org/W2129696862","https://openalex.org/W2138449721","https://openalex.org/W2145021036","https://openalex.org/W2151658931","https://openalex.org/W2155551886","https://openalex.org/W2160428323","https://openalex.org/W2161511899","https://openalex.org/W2263357542","https://openalex.org/W2282297298","https://openalex.org/W2543205889","https://openalex.org/W3140975602","https://openalex.org/W4236796590","https://openalex.org/W4238549726","https://openalex.org/W6680415081"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4388285079","https://openalex.org/W2546997659","https://openalex.org/W3015744189","https://openalex.org/W4231059390","https://openalex.org/W4301182783","https://openalex.org/W2765485815","https://openalex.org/W1533479501","https://openalex.org/W2087461437","https://openalex.org/W4387872710","https://openalex.org/W2949498821"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"field-assisted":[1,73],"spin-torque":[2],"transfer":[3],"magnetoresistive":[4],"RAM":[5],"(STT-MRAM)":[6],"cache":[7,59,75],"is":[8,32],"presented":[9],"for":[10,39],"the":[11,21,36,77],"use":[12],"in":[13,86],"high-performance":[14],"energy-efficient":[15],"microprocessors.":[16],"Adding":[17],"field":[18,41],"assistance":[19],"reduces":[20],"switching":[22,37],"latency":[23],"by":[24,80],"a":[25,50,72,83],"factor":[26],"of":[27],"4.":[28],"An":[29],"array":[30,44],"model":[31],"developed":[33],"to":[34],"evaluate":[35],"energy":[38,52],"different":[40],"currents":[42],"and":[43,69],"sizes.":[45],"Several":[46],"STT-MRAM-based":[47],"cells":[48],"demonstrate":[49],"55%":[51],"reduction":[53],"as":[54],"compared":[55,62],"with":[56,63,66,82],"an":[57],"SRAM":[58],"subsystem.":[60],"As":[61],"STT-MRAM":[64,74],"caches":[65],"subbank":[67],"buffering":[68],"differential":[70],"writes,":[71],"improves":[76],"system":[78],"performance":[79],"28%,":[81],"6.7%":[84],"increase":[85],"energy.":[87]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-01T17:29:45.350535","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}