{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065359960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2333366","title":"Energy-Efficient Approximate Multiplication for Digital Signal Processing and Classification Applications","display_name":"Energy-Efficient Approximate Multiplication for Digital Signal Processing and Classification Applications","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065359960","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2333366","mag":"2065359960"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2333366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2333366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061587115","display_name":"Srinivasan Narayanamoorthy","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Srinivasan Narayanamoorthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003520539","display_name":"Hadi Asghari-Moghaddam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2867-419X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hadi Asghari Moghaddam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086328631","display_name":"Zhenhong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8026-9629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenhong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101586319","display_name":"Taejoon Park","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7924-1776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I193352282","display_name":"Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03frjya69","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taejoon Park","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea","[Dept. of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology, Daegu, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Information and Communication Engineering, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science & Technology, Daegu, Korea]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I193352282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037648751","display_name":"Nam Sung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0442-5634"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nam Sung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061587115"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.6253,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":219,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97151983,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"6","first_page":"1180","last_page":"1184"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11697","display_name":"Numerical Methods and Algorithms","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11034","display_name":"Digital Filter Design and Implementation","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10363","display_name":"Low-power high-performance VLSI design","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processing","display_name":"Digital signal processing","score":0.8399379253387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplier","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","score":0.7378016114234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6999987363815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.6021789908409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5811682343482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-complexity-theory","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","score":0.5713074803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5612345337867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signal-processor","display_name":"Digital signal processor","score":0.5425740480422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix-multiplication","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","score":0.5424301624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal-processing","display_name":"Signal processing","score":0.5032183527946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplication","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","score":0.47629514336586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arithmetic","display_name":"Arithmetic","score":0.4391826093196869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4109857380390167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.2780848741531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19888871908187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.07058942317962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.06122782826423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06057897210121155}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84462506","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173142","display_name":"Digital signal processing","level":2,"score":0.8399379253387451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124584101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1053266","display_name":"Multiplier (economics)","level":2,"score":0.7378016114234924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6999987363815308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.6021789908409119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5811682343482971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179799912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205084","display_name":"Computational complexity theory","level":2,"score":0.5713074803352356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5612345337867737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161611012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q106370","display_name":"Digital signal processor","level":3,"score":0.5425740480422974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17349429","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1049914","display_name":"Matrix multiplication","level":3,"score":0.5424301624298096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104267543","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208163","display_name":"Signal processing","level":3,"score":0.5032183527946472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780595030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3860309","display_name":"Multiplication (music)","level":2,"score":0.47629514336586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.4391826093196869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4109857380390167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.2780848741531372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19888871908187866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07058942317962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.06122782826423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06057897210121155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2333366","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2333366","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1349491125","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CCF-0953603","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3618986519","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"HR0011-12-2-0019","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","funder_display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332180","display_name":"Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/02caytj08"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1986964674","https://openalex.org/W1988749179","https://openalex.org/W1991451878","https://openalex.org/W2010468809","https://openalex.org/W2053323369","https://openalex.org/W2081381940","https://openalex.org/W2106484393","https://openalex.org/W2110075977","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2144404214","https://openalex.org/W2152652708","https://openalex.org/W2156425544"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3099313426","https://openalex.org/W4287593139","https://openalex.org/W752783541","https://openalex.org/W1506547947","https://openalex.org/W2995605830","https://openalex.org/W4206811032","https://openalex.org/W2086123442","https://openalex.org/W2596457687","https://openalex.org/W3212757063","https://openalex.org/W2093666864"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"need":[1],"to":[2],"support":[3],"various":[4],"digital":[5],"signal":[6],"processing":[7],"(DSP)":[8],"and":[9,100],"classification":[10,104],"applications":[11,19],"on":[12],"energy-constrained":[13],"devices":[14],"has":[15],"steadily":[16],"grown.":[17],"Such":[18],"often":[20],"extensively":[21],"perform":[22],"matrix":[23],"multiplications":[24,41],"using":[25],"fixed-point":[26],"arithmetic":[27],"while":[28],"exhibiting":[29],"tolerance":[30],"for":[31],"some":[32],"computational":[33,54,77,90],"errors.":[34],"Hence,":[35],"improving":[36],"the":[37,67,96,101],"energy":[38,57],"efficiency":[39],"of":[40,79,98,103],"is":[42],"critical.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45],"brief,":[46],"we":[47,84],"propose":[48],"multiplier":[49,69],"architectures":[50],"that":[51,86],"can":[52,70],"tradeoff":[53],"accuracy":[55,102],"with":[56,63,75],"consumption":[58],"at":[59],"design":[60],"time.":[61],"Compared":[62],"a":[64,88],"precise":[65],"multiplier,":[66],"proposed":[68],"consume":[71],"58%":[72],"less":[73],"energy/op":[74],"average":[76],"error":[78,91],"$\\sim":[80],"1$":[81],"%.":[82],"Finally,":[83],"demonstrate":[85],"such":[87],"small":[89],"does":[92],"not":[93],"notably":[94],"impact":[95],"quality":[97],"DSP":[99],"applications.":[105]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}