{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168385711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2321571","title":"Low Overhead Software Wear Leveling for Hybrid PCM + DRAM Main Memory on Embedded Systems","display_name":"Low Overhead Software Wear Leveling for Hybrid PCM + DRAM Main Memory on Embedded Systems","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-05-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168385711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2321571","mag":"2168385711"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2321571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2321571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066534595","display_name":"Jingtong Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4029-4034"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingtong Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","[School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059911353","display_name":"Mimi Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1973-2909"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mimi Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","[School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100435224","display_name":"Pan Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7375-7608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I115475287","display_name":"Oklahoma State University","ror":"https://ror.org/01g9vbr38","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chen Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","[School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I115475287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101441768","display_name":"Chun Jason Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6431-9868"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168719708","display_name":"City University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/03q8dnn23","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun Jason Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","[Dept. of Comput. Sci., City Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Comput. Sci., City Univ. of Hong Kong, Hong Kong]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168719708"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005358696","display_name":"Qingfeng Zhuge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1107-3470"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingfeng Zhuge","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077381252","display_name":"Edwin H.\u2010M. Sha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5605-5631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158842170","display_name":"Chongqing University","ror":"https://ror.org/023rhb549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162577319","display_name":"The University of Texas at Dallas","ror":"https://ror.org/049emcs32","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}],"countries":["CN","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edwin H.-M Sha","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162577319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China; Department of Computer Science, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158842170","https://openalex.org/I162577319"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9343,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":32,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97073171,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"654","last_page":"663"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10054","display_name":"Parallel Computing and Optimization Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dram","display_name":"Dram","score":0.7321067452430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6683576703071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.6138841509819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5826253294944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-change-memory","display_name":"Phase-change memory","score":0.5825569033622742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5616419315338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.39337682723999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.35366183519363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.24991518259048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20094725489616394}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7366592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1255620","display_name":"Dram","level":2,"score":0.7321067452430725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6683576703071594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.6138841509819031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5826253294944763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64142963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153902","display_name":"Phase-change memory","level":3,"score":0.5825569033622742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5616419315338135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.39337682723999023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.35366183519363403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.24991518259048462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20094725489616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133256868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7180940","display_name":"Phase change","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61696701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766","display_name":"Engineering physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2321571","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2014.2321571","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1391710530","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1015802","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G344373149","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61173014","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1686420892","https://openalex.org/W1816728452","https://openalex.org/W1966169302","https://openalex.org/W1977857710","https://openalex.org/W1984418330","https://openalex.org/W2041588416","https://openalex.org/W2048588974","https://openalex.org/W2074287602","https://openalex.org/W2078431215","https://openalex.org/W2092627171","https://openalex.org/W2096800126","https://openalex.org/W2097157718","https://openalex.org/W2099798359","https://openalex.org/W2102449048","https://openalex.org/W2104225326","https://openalex.org/W2112753327","https://openalex.org/W2130657217","https://openalex.org/W2135393827","https://openalex.org/W2140144029","https://openalex.org/W2147539449","https://openalex.org/W2147720557","https://openalex.org/W2154553951","https://openalex.org/W2162528816","https://openalex.org/W2163083688","https://openalex.org/W2163545127","https://openalex.org/W2166446045","https://openalex.org/W2543205889","https://openalex.org/W3091723463","https://openalex.org/W4232751114","https://openalex.org/W4238826965","https://openalex.org/W4243973767","https://openalex.org/W4244361616","https://openalex.org/W6670076475","https://openalex.org/W6681706910","https://openalex.org/W6682854596"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3120961607","https://openalex.org/W2098207691","https://openalex.org/W3148568549","https://openalex.org/W1648516568","https://openalex.org/W361036515","https://openalex.org/W4211178602","https://openalex.org/W4214773815","https://openalex.org/W3204477689","https://openalex.org/W2146894037","https://openalex.org/W2098463429"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Phase":[0],"change":[1],"memory":[2,168],"(PCM)":[3],"is":[4,60],"a":[5,104,148],"promising":[6],"DRAM":[7],"replacement":[8],"in":[9,40,62,87,113],"embedded":[10,63],"systems":[11],"due":[12],"to":[13,42,53,78,116,124],"its":[14,34],"attractive":[15],"characteristics,":[16],"such":[17],"as":[18],"low-cost,":[19],"shock-resistivity,":[20],"nonvolatility,":[21],"high":[22],"density,":[23],"and":[24,103,151],"low":[25,30],"leakage":[26],"power.":[27],"However,":[28],"relatively":[29],"endurance":[31],"has":[32],"limited":[33],"practical":[35],"applications.":[36],"In":[37],"this":[38,114],"paper,":[39],"addition":[41],"existing":[43,66,160],"hardware":[44,121],"level":[45],"optimizations,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"software":[49,67,108],"enabled":[50],"wear-leveling":[51,109],"techniques":[52,69,130],"further":[54],"extend":[55],"PCMs":[56],"lifetime":[57],"when":[58,145,156],"it":[59],"adopted":[61],"systems.":[64],"Most":[65],"optimization":[68],"focus":[70],"on":[71,137],"reducing":[72],"the":[73,89,96,107,125,128,133,138,159],"total":[74],"number":[75,134],"of":[76,82,135],"writes":[77,90,136],"PCM,":[79],"but":[80],"none":[81],"them":[83],"consider":[84],"wear":[85,118],"leveling,":[86],"which":[88],"are":[91,111],"distributed":[92],"more":[93,142,153],"evenly":[94],"over":[95],"PCM.":[97],"An":[98],"integer":[99],"linear":[100],"programming":[101],"formulation":[102],"polynomial-time":[105],"algorithm,":[106,110,150],"proposed":[112,129],"paper":[115],"achieve":[117],"leveling":[119],"without":[120],"overhead.":[122,170],"According":[123],"experimental":[126],"results,":[127],"can":[131],"reduce":[132],"most-written":[139],"addresses":[140],"by":[141,152],"than":[143,154],"80%":[144],"compared":[146,157],"with":[147,158,165],"greedy":[149],"60%":[155],"optimal":[161],"data":[162],"allocation":[163],"algorithm":[164],"under":[166],"6%":[167],"access":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
