{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2020300099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2011.2170203","title":"Visual Vocabulary Processor Based on Binary Tree Architecture for Real-Time Object Recognition in Full-HD Resolution","display_name":"Visual Vocabulary Processor Based on Binary Tree Architecture for Real-Time Object Recognition in Full-HD Resolution","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-10-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2020300099","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2011.2170203","mag":"2020300099"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2011.2170203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2011.2170203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108125458","display_name":"Tse-Wei Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74801974","display_name":"The University of Tokyo","ror":"https://ror.org/057zh3y96","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tse-Wei Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["VLSI Design and Education Center (VDEC), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","[VLSI Design and Education Center (VDEC), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VLSI Design and Education Center (VDEC), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[VLSI Design and Education Center (VDEC), University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069482831","display_name":"Yu-Chi Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2535-8038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu-Chi Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065446005","display_name":"Keng\u2010Yen Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3245-7614"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keng-Yen Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110245311","display_name":"Yi\u2010Min Tsai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi-Min Tsai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009305504","display_name":"Shao\u2010Yi Chien","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0634-6294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shao-Yi Chien","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071031607","display_name":"Liang\u2010Gee Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9746-9355"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang-Gee Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering and Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng.. Nat. Taiwan Univ., Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5108125458"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74801974"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2878,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82594957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"12","first_page":"2329","last_page":"2332"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7518537044525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-neuroscience-of-visual-object-recognition","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","score":0.5499300360679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5127707123756409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-tree","display_name":"Binary tree","score":0.4922617971897125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.4366530179977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale-invariant-feature-transform","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","score":0.4324367046356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4304124712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4244965612888336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.415245920419693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.3911883533000946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3750540018081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.13218778371810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12559059262275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.1212327778339386}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7518537044525146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64876066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141226","display_name":"Cognitive neuroscience of visual object recognition","level":3,"score":0.5499300360679626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5127707123756409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197855036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380172","display_name":"Binary tree","level":2,"score":0.4922617971897125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.4366530179977417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61265191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q767770","display_name":"Scale-invariant feature transform","level":3,"score":0.4324367046356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4304124712944031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4244965612888336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.415245920419693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.3911883533000946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3750540018081665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.13218778371810913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12559059262275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.1212327778339386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2011.2170203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2011.2170203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1508960934","https://openalex.org/W1515523358","https://openalex.org/W2007614029","https://openalex.org/W2010841436","https://openalex.org/W2036718463","https://openalex.org/W2112980946","https://openalex.org/W2121846372","https://openalex.org/W2128017662","https://openalex.org/W2130467208","https://openalex.org/W2149003305","https://openalex.org/W2151103935","https://openalex.org/W2151351903","https://openalex.org/W2158397252","https://openalex.org/W2174613990"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3034955165","https://openalex.org/W2094920358","https://openalex.org/W2041448692","https://openalex.org/W2247121321","https://openalex.org/W2391926582","https://openalex.org/W1966831329","https://openalex.org/W2316074893","https://openalex.org/W2049930962","https://openalex.org/W2739923608","https://openalex.org/W195785743"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Feature":[0],"matching":[1,59,108],"is":[2,10,35,134],"an":[3,11],"indispensable":[4],"process":[5],"for":[6,14,26,57,68,77,106],"object":[7,27,58],"recognition,":[8,28],"which":[9,100],"important":[12],"issue":[13],"wearable":[15],"devices":[16],"with":[17,121,136],"video":[18],"analysis":[19],"functionalities.":[20],"To":[21],"implement":[22],"a":[23,54,126],"low-power":[24],"SoC":[25],"the":[29,39,62,69,72,80,96,103,107,122,129,132,137,142,147,151],"proposed":[30],"visual":[31,90],"vocabulary":[32],"processor":[33],"(VVP)":[34],"employed":[36],"to":[37],"accelerate":[38],"speed":[40],"of":[41,49,71,79,88,115,128],"feature":[42],"matching.":[43],"The":[44],"VVP":[45,133],"can":[46,92,117],"transform":[47],"hundreds":[48],"128-D":[50],"SIFT":[51],"vectors":[52],"into":[53],"64-D":[55],"histogram":[56],"by":[60],"using":[61],"binary-tree-based":[63],"architecture,":[64],"and":[65,110,141,150,158],"16":[66],"calculators":[67],"computations":[70],"Euclidean":[73],"distances":[74],"are":[75,155],"designed":[76],"each":[78,84],"two":[81],"processors":[82],"in":[83,95],"level.":[85],"A":[86],"total":[87],"126":[89],"words":[91],"be":[93,118],"saved":[94,119],"six-level":[97],"hierarchical":[98],"memory,":[99],"instantly":[101],"offers":[102],"data":[104],"required":[105],"process,":[109],"more":[111],"than":[112],"5":[113],"times":[114],"bandwidth":[116],"compared":[120],"non-binary-tree-based":[123],"architecture.":[124],"As":[125],"part":[127],"recognition":[130],"SoC,":[131],"implemented":[135],"65-nm":[138],"CMOS":[139],"technology,":[140],"experimental":[143],"results":[144],"show":[145],"that":[146],"gate":[148],"count":[149],"average":[152],"power":[153],"consumption":[154],"280":[156],"K":[157],"5.6":[159],"mW,":[160],"respectively.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}