{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134069332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2008.2000670","title":"Effective Uses of FPGAs for Brute-Force Attack on RC4 Ciphers","display_name":"Effective Uses of FPGAs for Brute-Force Attack on RC4 Ciphers","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-07-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134069332","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2008.2000670","mag":"2134069332"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2008.2000670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2008.2000670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047267922","display_name":"Sammy H. M. Kwok","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sammy H. M. Kwok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Hong Kong Univ., Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Hong Kong Univ., Hong Kong","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008832723","display_name":"Edmund Y. Lam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6268-950X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmund Y. Lam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Hong Kong Univ., Hong Kong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Electron. Eng., Hong Kong Univ., Hong Kong","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3441,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87925281,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"1096","last_page":"1100"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10951","display_name":"Cryptographic Implementations and Security","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10829","display_name":"Interconnection Networks and Systems","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11130","display_name":"Coding theory and cryptography","score":0.9868999719619751,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-programmable-gate-array","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","score":0.7970075011253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rc4","display_name":"RC4","score":0.7895975112915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6880487203598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.675788402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.6659583449363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chip","display_name":"Chip","score":0.5260539054870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/s-box","display_name":"S-box","score":0.47508254647254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4666229486465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brute-force-attack","display_name":"Brute-force attack","score":0.445634126663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brute-force","display_name":"Brute force","score":0.44293344020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.39574816823005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block-cipher","display_name":"Block cipher","score":0.3487347960472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stream-cipher","display_name":"Stream cipher","score":0.3031933903694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.1316867470741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.08135893940925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06979194283485413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42935608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190411","display_name":"Field-programmable gate array","level":2,"score":0.7970075011253357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109154458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846955","display_name":"RC4","level":4,"score":0.7895975112915039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6880487203598022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.675788402557373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.6659583449363708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165005293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500","display_name":"Chip","level":2,"score":0.5260539054870605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45737032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q748364","display_name":"S-box","level":4,"score":0.47508254647254944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4666229486465454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207468940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q869370","display_name":"Brute-force attack","level":3,"score":0.445634126663208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986801135","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209494","display_name":"Brute force","level":2,"score":0.44293344020843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.39574816823005676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106544461","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543151","display_name":"Block cipher","level":3,"score":0.3487347960472107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92950451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864718","display_name":"Stream cipher","level":3,"score":0.3031933903694153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.1316867470741272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.08135893940925598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06979194283485413}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvlsi.2008.2000670","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2008.2000670","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37538908","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","issn_l":"1063-8210","issn":["1063-8210","1557-9999"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:hub.hku.hk:10722/58850","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10722/58850","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196271","display_name":"The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","host_organization_name":"University of Hong Kong","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W53774300","https://openalex.org/W1530967305","https://openalex.org/W1556597491","https://openalex.org/W1585255405","https://openalex.org/W1789460706","https://openalex.org/W2075692131","https://openalex.org/W2137228810","https://openalex.org/W2169007122","https://openalex.org/W2535872946","https://openalex.org/W6631892132","https://openalex.org/W6633270410","https://openalex.org/W6638451088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2617856299","https://openalex.org/W2183399669","https://openalex.org/W778070508","https://openalex.org/W2184880873","https://openalex.org/W2089478084","https://openalex.org/W2953372076","https://openalex.org/W1724491999","https://openalex.org/W2385517711","https://openalex.org/W3159283027","https://openalex.org/W2359859562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3],"effective":[4],"field-programmable":[5],"gate":[6],"array":[7],"(FPGA)-based":[8],"hardware":[9],"implementation":[10],"of":[11,37,47,54,66,105],"a":[12,64,76,86,93,101,112],"parallel":[13],"key":[14,29,41,55,69,102],"searching":[15,56,70,103],"system":[16],"for":[17,39],"the":[18,34,48,52,62,97],"brute-force":[19],"attack":[20],"on":[21,61],"RC4":[22,68,114],"encryption.":[23],"The":[24],"design":[25,98],"employs":[26],"several":[27],"novel":[28],"scheduling":[30],"techniques":[31],"to":[32,50],"minimize":[33],"total":[35,65],"number":[36,53],"cycles":[38],"each":[40],"search":[42],"and":[43],"uses":[44],"on-chip":[45],"memories":[46],"FPGA":[49,80],"maximize":[51],"units":[57,71],"per":[58,109],"chip.":[59],"Based":[60],"design,":[63],"176":[67],"can":[72,99],"be":[73],"implemented":[74],"in":[75],"single":[77],"Xilinx":[78],"XC2VP20-5":[79],"chip,":[81],"which":[82],"currently":[83],"costs":[84],"only":[85,116],"few":[87],"hundred":[88],"U.S.":[89],"dollars.":[90],"Operating":[91],"at":[92],"47-MHz":[94],"clock":[95],"rate,":[96],"achieve":[100],"speed":[104],"1.07":[106],"x":[107],"107keys":[108],"second.":[110],"Breaking":[111],"40-bit":[113],"encryption":[115],"requires":[117],"around":[118],"28.5":[119],"h.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
