{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161193372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3693354","title":"AIvaluateXR: An Evaluation Framework for On-Device AI in XR With Benchmarking Results","display_name":"AIvaluateXR: An Evaluation Framework for On-Device AI in XR With Benchmarking Results","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161193372","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3693354","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42133501"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3693354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3693354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136107314","display_name":"Dawar Khan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawar Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5864-1888","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133166242","display_name":"Xinyu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0120-606X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136121170","display_name":"Omar Mena","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Omar Mena","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6564-0175","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002662014","display_name":"Donggang Jia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1358-8718"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Donggang Jia","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1358-8718","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023845888","display_name":"Alexandre Kouyoumdjian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0915-369X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexandre Kouyoumdjian","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0915-369X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022294742","display_name":"Ivan Viola","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-6574"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I71920554","display_name":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01q3tbs38","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Viola","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4248-6574","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I71920554"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59818307,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"8","first_page":"7435","last_page":"7452"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.15029999613761902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.15029999613761902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.09399999678134918,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.051600001752376556,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.805400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-visualization","display_name":"Data visualization","score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-modeling","display_name":"Data modeling","score":0.2818000018596649}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.805400013923645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8012999892234802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.40529999136924744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.3538999855518341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.34619998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3346000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67186912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367664","display_name":"Data modeling","level":2,"score":0.2818000018596649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.267300009727478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2630000114440918}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3693354","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3693354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42133501","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42133501","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"deployment":[1,190],"of":[2,19,24,105,160],"large":[3],"language":[4],"models":[5],"(LLMs)":[6],"on":[7,54,137,172,191],"extended":[8],"reality":[9],"(XR)":[10],"devices":[11],"has":[12],"great":[13],"potential":[14],"to":[15,143,183],"advance":[16],"the":[17,30,59,106,123,138,145,150,158],"field":[18],"human-AI":[20],"interaction.":[21],"In":[22,40],"case":[23],"direct,":[25],"on-device":[26,161],"model":[27,32],"inference,":[28],"selecting":[29],"appropriate":[31],"and":[33,79,100,119,152,165,168,206],"device":[34],"for":[35,50,125,188,203],"specific":[36],"tasks":[37],"remains":[38],"challenging.":[39],"this":[41,209],"paper,":[42],"we":[43,61,110,156],"present":[44],"AIvaluateXR,":[45],"a":[46,132],"comprehensive":[47],"evaluation":[48,134,195],"framework":[49],"benchmarking":[51],"LLMs":[52,65,162],"running":[53],"XR":[55,68,127,192],"devices.":[56,193],"To":[57],"demonstrate":[58],"framework,":[60],"deploy":[62],"17":[63],"selected":[64],"across":[66],"four":[67,91],"platforms-Magic":[69],"Leap":[70],"2,":[71],"Meta":[72],"Quest":[73],"3,":[74],"Vivo":[75],"X100":[76],"s":[77],"Pro,":[78],"Apple":[80],"Vision":[81],"Pro-and":[82],"conduct":[83],"an":[84],"extensive":[85],"evaluation.":[86],"Our":[87,194],"experimental":[88],"setup":[89],"measures":[90],"key":[92],"metrics:":[93],"performance":[94,112],"consistency,":[95],"processing":[96],"speed,":[97],"memory":[98],"usage,":[99],"battery":[101],"consumption.":[102],"For":[103],"each":[104],"68":[107],"model-device":[108],"pairs,":[109],"assess":[111],"under":[113],"varying":[114],"string":[115],"lengths,":[116],"batch":[117],"sizes,":[118],"thread":[120],"counts,":[121],"analyzing":[122],"tradeoffs":[124],"real-time":[126],"applications.":[128],"We":[129,176],"finally":[130],"propose":[131],"unified":[133],"method":[135,196],"based":[136],"3D":[139],"Pareto":[140],"Optimality":[141],"theory":[142],"select":[144],"optimal":[146],"device-model":[147],"pairs":[148],"from":[149],"quality":[151],"speed":[153],"objectives.":[154],"Additionally,":[155],"compare":[157],"efficiency":[159],"with":[163],"client-server":[164],"cloud-based":[166],"setups,":[167],"evaluate":[169],"their":[170],"accuracy":[171],"two":[173],"interactive":[174],"tasks.":[175],"believe":[177],"our":[178],"findings":[179],"offer":[180],"valuable":[181],"insights":[182],"guide":[184],"future":[185],"optimization":[186],"efforts":[187],"LLM":[189],"can":[197],"be":[198],"followed":[199],"as":[200],"standard":[201],"groundwork":[202],"further":[204],"research":[205],"development":[207],"in":[208],"emerging":[210],"field.":[211]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-03T06:15:21.484131","created_date":"2026-05-15T00:00:00"}