{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7154961190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3685664","title":"UGD: An Unsupervised Geometric Distance for Evaluating Real-World Noisy Point Cloud Denoising","display_name":"UGD: An Unsupervised Geometric Distance for Evaluating Real-World Noisy Point Cloud Denoising","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7154961190","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3685664","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42009347"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3685664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3685664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.16976","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134050166","display_name":"Zhiyong Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9483-5268","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125976360","display_name":"Jincan Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jincan Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5346-1863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101920820","display_name":"Yanke Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1114-2963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanke Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123507527","display_name":"Yonghui Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2285-6649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5134064554","display_name":"Zheng Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100371213","display_name":"Weiwei Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7329-4236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36399199","display_name":"Nanjing University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00xp9wg62","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiqing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1929-3654","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36399199"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48283049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"7","first_page":"6610","last_page":"6622"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.10450000315904617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10719","display_name":"3D Shape Modeling and Analysis","score":0.10450000315904617,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.04360000044107437,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12536","display_name":"Topological and Geometric Data Analysis","score":0.0364999994635582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point-cloud","display_name":"Point cloud","score":0.6460999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-reduction","display_name":"Noise reduction","score":0.5030999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5008000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noisy-data","display_name":"Noisy data","score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise-measurement","display_name":"Noise measurement","score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-denoising","display_name":"Image denoising","score":0.35910001397132874}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7490000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131979681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1899648","display_name":"Point cloud","level":2,"score":0.6460999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6371999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163294075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Noise reduction","level":2,"score":0.5030999779701233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5008000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.40139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781170535","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30587856","display_name":"Noisy data","level":2,"score":0.38960000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29265498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7047719","display_name":"Noise measurement","level":3,"score":0.3628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983327147","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q581861","display_name":"Image denoising","level":3,"score":0.35910001397132874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.3452000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3043000102043152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986158284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6522493","display_name":"Distance measurement","level":2,"score":0.3003000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172367668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6504956","display_name":"Data visualization","level":3,"score":0.29120001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2639959","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1344778","display_name":"Distance measures","level":2,"score":0.2856000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.2851000130176544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108882727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991685","display_name":"Solid modeling","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.2651999890804291}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tvcg.2026.3685664","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2026.3685664","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84775595","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","issn_l":"1077-2626","issn":["1077-2626","1941-0506","2160-9306"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:42009347","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42009347","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE transactions on visualization and computer graphics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2604.16976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16976","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.16976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2604.16976","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2604.16976","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2604.16976","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6382976770401001,"display_name":"Climate action","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Existing":[0],"quantitative":[1,147],"evaluation":[2,236],"metrics":[3],"for":[4,57,145],"point":[5,13,20,39,60,67,84,107,132,166,238,246],"cloud":[6,14,21,61,167,239],"denoising":[7,240],"methods":[8,241],"require":[9],"both":[10],"the":[11,16,93,97,101,105,143,146,150,155,164,169,175,180,213,231],"denoised":[12,106,165],"and":[15,86,168,202],"corresponding":[17],"ground-truth":[18,37,94,144],"clean":[19,38,83,131],"to":[22,73,95,219],"compute":[23],"a":[24,49,75,80,115,127,135,188],"representative":[25],"geometric":[26,54,102],"distance.":[27],"This":[28],"requirement":[29],"is":[30,72,152],"highly":[31],"problematic":[32],"in":[33,174],"real-world":[34,58,227],"scenarios,":[35],"where":[36],"clouds":[40,85,133],"are":[41],"often":[42],"unavailable.":[43],"In":[44],"this":[45,89,110],"paper,":[46],"we":[47,112,186],"propose":[48,187],"simple":[50],"yet":[51],"effective":[52],"unsupervised":[53,235],"distance":[55],"(UGD)":[56],"noisy":[59,66,245],"denoising,":[62],"calculated":[63],"solely":[64],"from":[65,79,126],"clouds.":[68,247],"The":[69],"core":[70],"idea":[71],"learn":[74,114],"patch-wise":[76,123,136,182],"prior":[77,90],"model":[78,91,173],"set":[81,128],"of":[82,104,129,158,163,237],"then":[87],"employ":[88],"as":[92,142,154],"quantify":[96],"degradation":[98],"by":[99,134],"measuring":[100],"variations":[103],"cloud.":[108],"To":[109,178],"end,":[111],"first":[113],"pristine":[116,130,171],"Gaussian":[117],"Mixture":[118],"Model":[119],"(GMM)":[120],"with":[121,208],"extracted":[122],"quality-aware":[124],"features":[125],"feature":[137,183],"extraction":[138,184],"network,":[139,185],"which":[140,195],"serves":[141],"evaluation.":[148],"Then,":[149],"UGD":[151,215,233],"defined":[153],"weighted":[156],"sum":[157],"distances":[159],"between":[160],"each":[161],"patch":[162,176],"learned":[170],"GMM":[172],"space.":[177],"train":[179],"employed":[181],"self-supervised":[189],"training":[190],"framework":[191],"through":[192],"multi-task":[193],"learning,":[194],"includes":[196],"pair-wise":[197],"quality":[198],"ranking,":[199],"distortion":[200,203],"classification,":[201],"distribution":[204],"prediction.":[205],"Quantitative":[206],"experiments":[207],"synthetic":[209],"noise":[210],"confirm":[211],"that":[212,230],"proposed":[214,232],"achieves":[216],"comparable":[217],"performance":[218],"supervised":[220],"full-reference":[221],"metrics.":[222],"Moreover,":[223],"experimental":[224],"results":[225],"on":[226,244],"data":[228],"demonstrate":[229],"enables":[234],"based":[242],"exclusively":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-24T06:17:17.354583","created_date":"2026-04-21T00:00:00"}
